Body Image among Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
This longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys examined the contributions of social (peer appearance context), psychological (internalized appearance ideals and appearance social comparison), and biological (body mass) factors to the development of body dissatisfaction. Students (165 girls and 139 boys) completed questionnaires when they were either in 7th grade or 10th grade and again 1 year later. The results for the boys revealed a singular pathway to body dissatisfaction through internalized commitment to muscularity ideals. The prospective analyses of change in body dissatisfaction among the girls reflected the contributions of appearance conversations with friends, appearance social comparisons, and body mass. There was no evidence of mediation among the boys and limited support for it among the girls.
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Cognitive internalization via social media use is linked to both online and offline channels for social comparison that negatively impact body esteem via appearance anxiety.
“Our results expand on previous studies by showing that cognitive internalization via social media use is linked to both online and offline channels for social comparison that negatively impact body esteem [60] via appearance anxiety.”
From Effects of Social Media and Smartphone Use on Body Esteem in Female Adolescents: Testing a Cognitive and Affective Model (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
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BackgroundRodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., & Chabrol, H. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.04.004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Furthermore, appearance comparisonwas shown to longitudinally predict body dissatisfaction in girls alone (Jones, 2004).”
BackgroundHelfert, S., & Warschburger, P. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-16 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Smolak, L., & Stein, J. A. (2006) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.03.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Knauss, C., Paxton, S. J., & Alsaker, F. D. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9474-7 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“BMI has been shown to be an important predictive factor for body dissatisfaction (e.g., Barker and Galambos 2003; Jones 2004; Paxton et al. 2006; Presnell et al. 2004; Sands and Wardle 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClark, L. S., & Tiggemann, M. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1124 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Body Size Stereotyping and Internalization of the Thin Ideal in Preschool Girls
Harriger, J. A., Calogero, R. M., Witherington, D. C., & Smith, J. E. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9868-1 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Holsen, I., Jones, D. C., & Birkeland, M. S. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.006 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Karazsia, B. T., & Crowther, J. H. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.12.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…studies examined internalization as a mediator of the relationship between social influences and BD among males in adolescence (Bearman, Presnell, Martinez, & Stice, 2006; Halliwell & Harvey, 2006; Jones, 2004; Jones et al., 2004) or young adulthood (Chen et al., 2007; Karazsia & Crowther, 2008a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCorrelates of Young Women’s Interest in Obtaining Cosmetic Surgery
Markey, C. N., & Markey, P. M. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9625-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, dieting and disordered eating in adolescent girls
Schutz, H. K., & Paxton, S. J. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x115993 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Thompson, J. K., Shroff, H., Herbozo, S., Cafri, G., Rodriguez, J., & Rodriguez, M. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl022 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Richardson, S. M., & Paxton, S. J. (2009) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20682 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Webb, H. J., & Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12084 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Fatt, S. J., Fardouly, J., & Rapee, R. M. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818821064 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv021 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Investigating adolescent stress and body image
Murray, K., Byrne, D. G., & Rieger, E. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.004 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Tiggemann, M. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.5.523 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the results of previous investigations of adolescent girls over a similar time span (Jones, 2004; Stice et al., 2001; Stice & Whitenton, 2002; Vaughan & Fouts, 2003) and suggests that body image may have stabilized by the time girls enter high school.”
ResultFlament, M. F., Hill, E. M., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., Tasca, G. A., & Goldfield, G. S. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…blamed for the pursuit of thinness in girls and muscularity in boys (Ricciardelli & McCabe, 2004; Smolak & Stein, 2006; Thompson & Stice, 2001), as the standards for the ideal body figure portrayed in the media represent unattainable standards for most people (Jones, 2004; Thompson & Stice, 2001).”
BackgroundMueller, A. S., Pearson, J., Muller, C., Frank, K. A., & Turner, A. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146509361191 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“However, because standards of attractiveness for boys emphasize strength and muscular build, and to a lesser extent thinness (Jones 2004; Ricciardelli and McCabe 2003), our measures of weight loss behavior are ill-suited for a study of boys’ experiences of body concerns in schools.”
BackgroundFerguson, C. J., Winegard, B. M., & Winegard, B. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022607 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Henderson-King, D. H., & Brooks, K. D. (2009) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01480.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Bird, E. L., Halliwell, E., Diedrichs, P. C., & Harcourt, D. M. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.02.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Richardson, S. M., Paxton, S. J., & Thomson, J. S. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.11.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Development of muscularity and weight concerns in heterosexual and sexual minority males.
Calzo, J. P., Corliss, H. L., Blood, E., Field, A. E., & Austin, S. B. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028964 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“E-mail: jerel.calzo@ childrens.harvard.edu Health Psychology © 2013 American Psychological Association 2013, Vol. 32, No. 1, 42–51 0278-6133/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0028964 42 disorder risk among males (Jones, 2004; McCreary & Sasse, 2000; Presnell, Bearman, & Stice, 2004).”
InfluentialThe effects of exposure to slender and muscular images on male body dissatisfaction
Galioto, R., & Crowther, J. H. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Is fat talking a causal risk factor for body dissatisfaction? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Sharpe, H., Naumann, U., Treasure, J. L., & Schmidt, U. H. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22151 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Grossbard, J. R., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2011) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Drive for muscularity, body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and women
McCreary, D. R., & Saucier, D. M. (2008) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.09.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“However, Jones (2004) observed that body-related social comparison was not predictive muscularity-related dissatisfaction in adolescent boys.”
BackgroundJackson, T., & Chen, H. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9342-x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Girls and women know they will be judged according to such norms, so images that reflect ideals are not easily dismissed as irrelevant (Jones 2004).”
BackgroundFat Talk and Body Image Disturbance
Mills, J., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316675317 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Should women be “All About That Bass?”: Diverse body-ideal messages and women’s body image
Betz, D. E., & Ramsey, L. R. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.04.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Psychological and behavioral correlates of the SATAQ-3 with males
Karazsia, B. T., & Crowther, J. H. (2008) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.08.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Klimek, P., Murray, S. B., Brown, T. A., Gonzales, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22844 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Myers, T. A., Ridolfi, D. R., Crowther, J. H., & Ciesla, J. A. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Schaefer, M. K., & Salafia, E. H. B. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.018 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Appearance-related teasing by peers is also associated with an increase in body dissatisfaction among adolescents (Eisenberg et al., 2003; Jones, 2004; McCormack et al., 2011; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2002; Phares, Steinberg, & Thompson, 2004), with a particularly strong correlation for girls.”
BackgroundAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Dixon, S. (2009) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Gender and racial/ethnic differences in body image development among college students
Gillen, M. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Jendrzyca, A., & Warschburger, P. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…our 407 study, Rojo-Moreno et al. (2012) found that weight-teasing was associated with body 408 dissatisfaction even more pronouncedly in boys, and Jones (2004) suggested that appearance-409 teasing in children of both sexes did not predict changes in body dissatisfaction over the 410 course of…”
BackgroundPeres, K. G., Barros, A. J. D., Anselmi, L., Peres, M. A., & Barros, F. C. (2007) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00382.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kim, D., & Kim, H. (2009) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lunde, C., Frisén, A., & Hwang, C. P. (2007) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.10.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Body Image and Sociocultural Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction in Croatian and Chinese Women
Stojcic, I., Dong, X., & Ren, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00731 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“A substantial amount of previous research has provided support for Tripartite Influence Model, especially among young girls and women (e.g., Carlson Jones, 2004; Keery et al., 2004; Cafri et al., 2005; Bedford and Johnson, 2006; Shroff and Thompson, 2006).”
ResultAndersen, N., & Swami, V. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Normative body image development: A longitudinal meta-analysis of mean-level change
Lacroix, E., Smith, A. J., Incé A. Husain, Orth, U., & von Ranson, K. M. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000096 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Chen, H., & Jackson, T. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0056-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Consistent with studies of American adolescents (e.g., Ata et al. 2007; Jones 2004), adolescent girls in China experienced relatively more pressure from mass media and close social networks to change their appearance, reported more appearance comparisons with peers and focused more often on physical appearance as a to…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDurkin, S. J., Paxton, S. J., & Sorbello, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00201.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Jose, P. E., & Pryor, J. E. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9433-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000657 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.010 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Preliminary longitudinal research also suggests social comparisons, in tandem with conversations with friends on appearance and body mass, contribute to body dissatisfaction in girls, although different factors have relevance for boys [32].”
BackgroundKarazsia, B. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Wong, K., & Crowther, J. H. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…amamiya, Brannick, & Thompson, 2005; Thompson & Stice, 2001). nternalization is the process of adopting societal ideals of body gures as personal goals and standards, such as the thin ideal or women and the mesomorphic ideal for men (Jones, 2004; hompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999).”
BackgroundYang, H., Wang, J. J., Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, S. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7090148 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Body Mass Index, Dieting, Romance, and Sexual Activity in Adolescent Girls: Relationships Over Time
Halpern, C. T., King, R. B., Oslak, S. G., & Udry, J. R. (2005) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00110.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Peer Influences on Adolescent Body Image: Friends or Foes?
Kenny, U., O’Malley, M.-P., Molcho, M., & Kelly, C. N. M. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558416665478 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Construction of the Adolescent Male Body through Sport
Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., & Ridge, D. (2006) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306065018 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gordon, C. S., Rodgers, R. F., Slater, A. E., McLean, S. A., Jarman, H. K., & Paxton, S. J. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sinton, M. M., & Birch, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9007-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“This supports a growing body of evidence suggesting that girls do engage in appearance related conversations and activities and that peers may promote a culture of thinness or dieting ( Jones, 2004 ; L evineet al., 1994; Oliver and Thelen, 1996; Paxton et al., 1999; Vander Wal and Thelen, 2000b).”
BackgroundWebb, H. J., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Waters, A. M., Farrell, L. J., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12310 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Papp, I., Urbán, R., Czeglédi, E., Babusa, B., & Túry, F. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.12.006 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies also indicated that thin-ideal internalization predict body dissatisfaction among girls (Jones, 2004).”
Background
- Authors
- Carlson Jones, D.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 823-835
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2035658361
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 27.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- body image, body dissatisfaction, adolescents, gender differences, muscularity ideals, body mass, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Body Image, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Self-Assessment, Sex Factors, Social Conformity, Social Values, Somatotypes, Body Mass Index
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