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Cited by 504Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesDoping in Sports

Pursuit of the muscular ideal: physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors

Cafri, Guy, Thompson, J. Kevin, Ricciardelli, Lina, McCabe, Marita, Smolak, Linda, Yesalis, Charles·2005·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003
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Abstract

Developing a lean muscular figure for the purposes of sports and/or appearance has become a central issue for males. Concern has been raised because the desire to develop such a body build may lead to the adoption of numerous health-threatening behaviors. Consequently, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physical and psychological consequences that result from the use of steroids (legal and illegal), ephedrine, and deleterious dieting strategies specific to males. Putative risk factors for these behaviors will be identified, and the clinical disorder associated with the extreme abuse of these behaviors, muscle dysmorphia, will be examined.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003

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  • The corresponding ideal body for men in Western society is characterized by both a high degree of upper body muscularity (the V-shaped torso) and a low degree of body fat.

    “The corresponding ideal body for men in Western society is characterized by both a high degree of upper body muscularity (the V-shaped torso) and a low degree of body fat, with the latter enhancing the salience of the former (Maisey et al., 1999; Leit et al., 2002; Cafri et al., 2005; Ridgeway and Tylka, 2005; McCreary, 2007; Murray et al., 2017).”

    From The degree to which the cultural ideal is internalized predicts judgments of male and female physical attractiveness (2022) · cites this paper as Cafri et al., 2005

  • Muscle-enhancing diets and behaviors are associated with a range of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for eating disorders and depression and adverse physiological changes, such as poor lipid and glucose levels and increased blood pressure.

    “For example, though studied primarily among men and boys, muscle-enhancing diets and behaviors are associated with a range of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for eating disorders and depression and adverse physiological changes, such as poor lipid and glucose levels and increased blood pressure (see Cafri et al., 2005 for review).”

    From Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls’ body dissatisfaction (2022) · cites this paper as Cafri et al., 2005

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Authors
Cafri, G., Thompson, J. K., Ricciardelli, L., McCabe, M., Smolak, L., & Yesalis, C.
Affiliations
  • University of South Florida (US)
  • Deakin University (AU)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author
Thompson, J. Kevin
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-02
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
215-239
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003
OpenAlex
W2012330969
Cited by
504
References
156
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 29
FWCI
20.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
Keywords
muscle dysmorphia, anabolic steroids, ephedrine, dieting, body image, health risks, risk factors, psychological impact, physical health effects, disordered eating
MeSH terms
Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Body Weight, Culture, Ephedrine, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Risk Factors, Sympathomimetics, Muscle, Skeletal, Anabolic Agents

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