Non-invasive Diagnostic Strategy in ACTH-dependent Cushing’s Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Context: Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is used to diagnose Cushing’s disease (CD) when dexamethasone-suppression and CRH tests, and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are negative or give discordant results. However, IPSS is an invasive procedure and its availability is limited. Objective: To test a noninvasive diagnostic strategy associated with 100% positive predictive value (PPV) for CD. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Two university hospitals. Patients: A total of 167 patients with CD and 27 patients with ectopic ACTH-syndrome investigated between 2001 and 2016. Main Outcome Measure(s): Performance of a strategy involving the CRH and desmopressin tests with pituitary MRI followed by thin-slice whole-body computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with inconclusive results. Results: Using thresholds of a cortisol increase > 17% with an ACTH increase > 37% during the CRH test and a cortisol increase > 18% with an ACTH increase > 33% during the desmopressin test, the combination of both tests gave 73% sensitivity and 98% PPV of CD. The sensitivity and PPV for pituitary MRI were 71% and 99%, respectively. CT scan identified 67% EAS at presentation with no false-positives. The PPV for CD was 100% in patients with positive responses to both tests, with negative pituitary MRI and CT scan. The Negative Predictive Value was 100% in patients with negative responses to both tests, with negative pituitary MRI and positive CT scan. Using this strategy, IPPS could have been avoided in 47% of patients in whom it is currently recommended. Conclusions: In conjunction with expert radiologic interpretation, the non-invasive algorithm studied significantly reduces the need for IPSS in the investigation of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome.
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Using dynamic tests in combination with pituitary MRI can improve clinical accuracy, decreasing the need for BIPSS.
“However, using these dynamic tests in combination with pituitary MRI can improve clinical accuracy, decreasing the need for BIPSS (9, 75).”
From Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
If a pituitary adenoma >6 mm is found on MRI, the need for further testing with BIPSS is not necessary.
“If a pituitary adenoma > 6 mm is found on MRI, the need for further testing with bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) is not necessary (1, 9, 74, 75).”
From Approach to the Patient: Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
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“Studies have demonstrated high sensitivity and speci fi city, allowing for the avoidance of BIPSS in up to 47% of patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing ’ s syndrome (86).”
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MethodIs Desmopressin Useful in the Evaluation of Cushing Syndrome?
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“Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most common noninvasive methods to localize the pituitary adenoma after the diagnosis of Cushing disease is established.(4) However, ACTH‐secreting pituitary tumours are predominantly microadenomas that are difficult to detect on imaging studies.”
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“Strategies that resulted in a positive predictive value of 100%, however, included t-CRH as part of the diagnostic process (42, 43), which makes adherence to this diagnostic modality inapplicable in many countries due to the unavailability of CRH.”
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“Moreover, emerging data have suggested that the CRH/desmopressin stimulation test in collaboration with pituitary MRI, subsequently followed by a whole-body computed tomography scan, could be a reliable alternative (77, 82, 83).”
BackgroundBiochemical testing to differentiate Cushing’s disease from ectopic ACTH syndrome
Ferrière, A., & Tabarin, A. (2022) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-022-01241-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPaepegaey, A. C., Dot, J.-M., Beauvy, J., Juttet, P., & Berre, J. P. L. (2021) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2021.11.007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Slagboom, T. N. A., Stenvers, D., van de Giessen, E. M., Roosendaal, S., de Win, M. D., Bot, J., Aronica, E., Post, R., Hoogmoed, J., Drent, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082919 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“be omitted in about half of the patients [35].”
BackgroundCommon Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Endocrine Tests
Álvarez-Payares, J. C., Bello-Simanca, J. D., Peña-Arrieta, E. D. J. D. L., Agamez-Gomez, J. E., García-Rueda, J. E., Rodriguez-Arrieta, A., & Arrieta, L. A. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.727628 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Therefore, plasmatic cortisol values should be interpreted carefully in situations that could alter CBG concentrations (21, 23).”
BackgroundInfluentialLyu, X., Zhang, D., Pan, H., Zhu, H., Chen, S., & Lü, L. (2022) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03081-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Paediatric and adolescent ectopic Cushing's syndrome: systematic review
Channaiah, C. Y., Karlekar, M. P., Sarathi, V., Lila, A. R., Ravindra, S., Badhe, P., Malhotra, G., Memon, S. S., Patil, V. A., Pramesh, C. S., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad133 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Valizadeh, M., Abiri, B., Hosseinpanah, F., & Grossman, A. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13789 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, using a combination of non-invasive tests, one group in a retrospective study including a large number of EAS patients showed that this resulted in the correct diagnosis in half of the patients, eliminating the need for BIPSS [159].”
BackgroundMethodColao, A., Scaroni, C. M., Mezősi, E., Saiegh, L., Puig‐Domingo, M., Marques, P., & Deutschbein, T. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae073 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Subtyping of Cushing’s Syndrome: A Step Ahead
Tizianel, I., Barbot, M., & Ceccato, F. (2024) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-2299-5065 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…the presence of a focal lesion (at least 2-3 mm) on CEMRI in a patient with a characteristic clinical presentation and concordant biochemical data in defining the ACTH-dependent form after dynamic tests suggests a definitive diagnosis and does not require any further investigation (as BIPSS) [35].”
BackgroundInfluentialGiampietro, R. R., Cabral, M. V. G., Pereira, E. G., Machado, M. C., Vilar, L., & Nogueira, V. D. S. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1332120 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smushkin, G., Phillips, R., & Chaussé, G. (2022) · JCEM Case Reports · doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luac035 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The role of noninvasive diagnostic tests such as the peripheral corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and desmopressin tests has been studied in an effort to differentiate, in combination with imaging, Cushing disease from EAS without the use of IPSS [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLaboratory Testing for Endocrine Hypertension: Current and Future Perspectives
Courcelles, L., Stoenoiu, M. S., Haufroid, V., Lopez‐Sublet, M., Boland, L., Wauthier, L., Beauloye, C., Maiter, D. M., Januszewicz, A., Kreutz, R. H., et al. (2024) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvae022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shi, X.-L., Du, T.-T., Zhu, D., Ma, D.-L., Dong, K., Peng, X., Huang, J., Lei, T., Yu, X., Chen, J., et al. (2021) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02891-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“BIPSS is recommended according to the currently recommended algorithms.”
BackgroundInfluentialExperience of Ectopic Adrenocorticotropin Syndrome: 88 Cases With Identified Causes
Miao, H., Lü, L., Zhu, H., Du, H., Xing, X., Zhang, X., Song, L., Song, W., Liu, Q., Cheng, X., et al. (2021) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ishida, A., Asakuno, K., Shiramizu, H., Yoshimoto, H., Nakase, K., Kato, M., Hirayama, M., Sato, H., Matsuo, S., Miki, N., et al. (2021) · Endocrine journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0156 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cushing syndrome in paediatric population: who and how to screen
Chioma, L., Patti, G., Cappa, M., & Maghnie, M. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02452-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The CRH test has been suggested as the best non-invasive tool for diagnosing CD. Sensitivity and specificity are reported to be around 80 and 92% (according to study in adults) [17, 58–60 ].”
Zhao, Y. X., Ma, W. L., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G. N., Wang, L. J., Gong, F., Zhu, H. J., & Lü, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.808199 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lyu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Zhu, H., Pan, H., Chen, S., & Lü, L. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.01.008 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Elenius, H., McGlotten, R., Hoang, C. D., Chen, C. C., Millo, C., Gharib, A. M., & Nieman, L. K. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pandey, S., Walia, R., Kaur, G., Pandav, K., Rather, I., Rana, N., Sahoo, S., Mittal, B. R., & Shukla, J. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-01033-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is usefulinidentifyingectopictumorsexpressingsomatostatinreceptors,butit doesnotaidindiagnosingCD 10,11 .”
Limited Invasive Protocol: Optimizing Diagnostic Modalities in ACTH Mediated Cushing's Syndrome.
Gupta, R., Walia, R., Ahuja, C., Dutta, A., Bhadada, S., Bhansali, A., Chhabra, R., Singh, M. A., & Dhandapani, S. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.04.013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Channaiah, C. Y., Memon, S. S., Lila, A. R., Sarathi, V., Karlekar, M. P., Barnabas, R., Patil, V. A., Sharma, A., Phadte, A., Malhotra, G., et al. (2024) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2024.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does concomitant prolactin measurement ıncrease the accuracy of ınferior petrosal sinus sampling?
Apaydin, T., Yasar, M., Baltacioglu, F., Haklar, G., & Gogas Yavuz, D. (2022) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-021-02886-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Long-term Treatment With Metyrapone in a Man With Ectopic Cushing Syndrome
Wong, T. W. (2022) · JCEM Case Reports · doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luac008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…with a negative pituitary MRI plus a positive CT scan of neck to pelvis, and negative responses to CRH and desmopressin tests, using the thresholds of a cortisol increase of > 17% and > 18, and an ACTH increase of > 37% and > 33% respectively, the negative predictive value was 100% for CD [5].”
BackgroundIs the diagnosis of Cushing disease moving beyond bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling?
Bouchard, L., Lazard, A., Jean, C., Heck, O., Lefournier, V., Stürm, N., Chovelon, B., Faure, P., Muller, M., Gay, E., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag265 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Malygina, A. A., Belaya, Z. E., Nikitin, A. G., Koshkin, P. A., Sitkin, I. I., Лапшина, А. М., Магомедовна, Х. П., Lutsenko, A. S., Аршалуйсовна, Т. Д., & Mel'nichenko, G. A. (2021) · Problems of Endocrinology · doi:10.14341/probl12817 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ding, L., Wang, B.-P., Chen, T.-T., Li, P., Guo, W., Fan, Y.-X., Fang, F., Cui, J., Dong, Z.-L., He, Q., et al. (2021) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-021-01126-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alternative Approach to BIPSS in the Differential Diagnosis of ACTH-Dependent Cushing Syndrome
Gadelha, M. R., & Wildemberg, L. E. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad676 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Biagetti, B., Marques, P., Soto‐Moreno, A., García-Centeno, R., Fernández, L. G., García, M. D. O., Echarri, A. I., Cardona-Arias, A., Rodríguez, M. D. M., Paja, M., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag187 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Natan, D. B., Serebro, M., Ram, Z., Grossman, R., Even-Zohar, N., Sofer, Y., Yaish, I., Greenman, Y., & Tordjman, K. M. (2025) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04304-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…imaging and testing modalities were used to exclude ectopic ACTH sources with high reliability, as proposed by others as an alternative to IPSS [23], lack of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) at out center until recently might have led to mis-classi fi cation of some ectopic ACTH cases as…”
Shakir, M. K. M., Ebrahim, I. C., Spiro, A. B., Mai, V. Q., & Hoang, T. D. (2020) · AACE Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aace.2020.11.027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome: report of eight cases and review of the literature
Surani, A., Carroll, T. B., Javorsky, B. R., Raff, H., & Findling, J. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1199091 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Piazzola, C., Graillon, T., Girard, N. J., Dufour, H., Brue, T. C., & Castinetti, F. (2024) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2024.101678 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome: Possibilities of Modern Diagnostics
Grineva, E. N., Tsoy, U. A., & Рыжкова, Д. В. (2024) · Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences · doi:10.15690/vramn12677 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Current challenges in Cushing's syndrome testing: blood, saliva, urine, or hair?
Ferrière, A., & Tabarin, A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000923 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical management of ectopic Cushing Syndrome in neuroendocrine neoplasms: a national survey
Laffi, A., Prinzi, A., di Dato, C., Feola, T., Medici, M., Colao, A., Faggiano, A., & Lania, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1690837 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Balderrama-Soto, A., Rivera-Hernández, A. D. J., Reza-Albarrán, A. A., la Vega, A. N.-D., Vergara-López, A., Monteros-Sánchez, A. L. E. D. L., Navas-Minero, C. E., Abreu-Rosario, C., Cuevas-Ramos, D., Espinosa-Cárdenas, E., et al. (2023) · Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología Metabolismo y Nutrición · doi:10.24875/rme.m23000025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Valizadeh, M., Rahmani, F., Nikoohemmat, M., Ahmadi, A. R., Hosseinpanah, F., Niroomand, M., Bagheri, A. K., Grossman, A. B., & Abiri, B. (2024) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2024.2381720 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In our investigation of 22 patients with remitted CD who underwent TSS, positive DST results were detected in 17 patients with confirmed CD.”
InfluentialPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Diagnosis of Exclusion
Aubuchon, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92589-5_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
False-Negative Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling in Young-Onset Cushing Disease: What Happens Next
Maschio, C., Weinberg, J., Keil, M., Saidkhodjaeva, L., Chittiboina, P., Chang, R., Stratakis, C. A., & Tatsi, C. (2023) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000533338 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Frete et al. [12] investigated a diagnostic algorithm including CRH and DDAVP stimulation tests, pituitary MRI, and whole body CT as an alternative to IPSS, reporting 100% positive predictive value for patients with positive responses to CRH/DDAVP and negative CT for ectopic sources.”
Qiu, Y., Zhao, H., Pan, H., Guo, L., Du, S., Qiu, M., Wu, C., Han, J., Zhang, X., Zhou, Z., et al. (2022) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-22-1177 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attri, B., Goyal, A., Kalaivani, M., Kandasamy, D., Gupta, Y., Agarwal, S., Shamim, S. A., Damle, N., Sharma, M. C., Jyotsna, V. P., et al. (2023) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-2236-0864 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It is well known that some neuroendocrine tumors causing EAS express functional CRH receptors, resulting in false positive response to CRH stimulation [15, 27].”
Larose, S., Rioux, D., Albadine, R., & Lacroix, A. (2023) · Endocrine Oncology · doi:10.1530/eo-23-0002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…MRI was negative, a CT scan was positive for a potential source of EAS, and both a desmopressin test and a CRH test were negative (less than 33% increase in ACTH and less than 18% increase in cortisol for the former), and then the negative predictive value for CD was 100% (Frete et al. 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Review of Pituitary Gland for General Physicians
Boutrus, T. S. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine and Emergency Research · doi:10.37191/mapsci-2582-7367-5(2)-076
“Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours (mostly in chest) are usually diagnosed with (CT or positron emission tomography) [143].”
BackgroundKakizawa, K., Yamashita, M., Kawauchi, Y., Ikeya, A., Ohba, K., & Matsushita, A. (2024) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej24-0128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Meyers, M., Awada, A. H., Karfis, I., de Roodenbeke, D. '. K., Couvert, H. P. V., Hanssens, C., Hendlisz, A., & Driessens, N. (2024) · Case Reports in Oncology · doi:10.1159/000540707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“After con fi rming the presence of a severe endogenous ACTH-dependent CS by biological testing, we conducted a noninvasive diagnostic strategy to determine its etiology [13, 14].”
Recent developments in the management of Cushing's syndrome.
Galiana, P. A. (2021) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2021.01.002
Recent developments in the management of Cushing's syndrome.
Galiana, P. A. (2021) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2021.01.001
Cushing’s Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Clinical Case Report
Martins, J. M., Maia, C. M., Miguéns, J., & Lopéz‐Presa, D. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.14740/jem784
“…seem to explain discrepancies; free cortisol is increased as evaluated by the 24-h urinary cortisol excluding cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) increase induced by pill; no drugs were used that could increase the metabolism of dexamethasone or present anti-glucocorticoid effects [12, 16, 22, 23, 37].”
Der Desmopressintest in der differenzialdiagnostischen Abklärung des Cushing-Syndroms
Wolf, P. S., & Schernthaner-Reiter, M. H. (2022) · Journal für Klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00157-0
Feocromocitomi ACTH secernenti
Voltan, G., Pinelli, S., Scaroni, C. M., & Ceccato, F. (2022) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-022-01067-8
“Secondo un recente studio di Frete [14], il criterio associato a un miglior compromesso tra sensibilità e specificità è un aumento del cortisolo di almeno il 17% e dell’ACTH di almeno il 37% (sensibilità 83% e specificità 85%).”
BackgroundNoriega, P. E. P., de Oliveira, R., Guerrero, D. G. Z., Carrijo, M. D. P., Musolino, N. R. D. C., Cescato, V. Â. S., da Silva, G. O., Fragoso, M. C. B. V., Bronstein, M. D., & Machado, M. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2167447/v1
Khalil, S. S., Sheikh‐Ahmad, M., Sarah-Hefer, T., Yovanovich, E., Reut, M., Chen‐Konak, L., Khazen, N. S., & Saiegh, L. (2023) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2023.2176869
“A comparative evaluation of desmopressin and CRH stimulation tests suggests that CRH test may be more reliable in determining the etiology of CS,(19) and a combination of CRH and desmopressin stimulation tests can perform better than either of the tests separately.(20,21)”
MethodFurnica, R. M., NACHIT, M., Collard, A., Cornélis, F., Alexopoulou, O., & Maiter, D. M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2674724/v1
Consensus della Pituitary Society su diagnosi e gestione della Malattia di Cushing
Mondin, A., & Scaroni, C. M. (2023) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-023-01308-4
“Un approccio non invasivo che si avvale di test dinamici (CRH e desmopressina), RM ipofisi e TC total-body potrebbe costituire un’alternativa in setting multidisciplinare, evitando il ricorso al cateterismo dei seni petrosi in quasi la metà dei casi (VL,D) [3].”
BackgroundRobert, M., Douane, F., Toulgoat, F., Bach‐Ngohou, K., & Drui, D. (2023) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2023.09.001
Espinosa-Cárdenas, E., García-Sáenz, M. R., Espinosa-de-los-Monteros, A. L., & Sosa, E. (2023) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102882
Adenomi ipofisari o tumori neuroendocrini ipofisari: attualità e consenso
Jouanneau, E., Manet, R., Vasiljevic, A., & Raverot, G. (2023) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(23)48432-2
Piazzola, C., & Castinetti, F. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad155
Refractory Hyperglycemia and Hypokalemic Paralysis: Rare Initial Presentation of Cushing Disease
Gomes, R. R., & Habiba, A. (2023) · International Archives of Endocrinology Clinical Research · doi:10.23937/2572-407x.1510035
Синдром ектопічної АКТГ (огляд літератури та випадок із прак тики)
Guda, B. B., Tarashchenko, Y. М., Komisarenko, І. І., & Оstafiichuk, M. V. (2023) · Endokrynologia · doi:10.31793/1680-1466.2023.28-4.363
Adrenal Multidisipliner Güncel Yaklaşım
Özen, F. Z., Özer, M., Özsoy, Ç., Binnetoğlu, E., Alparslan, A. Ş., Budak, E. S., Kök, E. V., Çetinkaya, G. S., Durmuş, M. E., Köker, G., et al. (2024) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.2992
Adenomas hipofisarios y adenomas funcionantes
García-Centeno, R., González, G., Goñi, J., & González-Albarrán, O. (2024) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2024.08.011
Channaiah, C. Y., Lila, A. R., & Bandgar, T. (2024) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2024.10.001
Pituitary tumors, ACTH-secreting
Pivonello, R., Larocca, A., Simeoli, C., Paola, N. D., Crescenzo, E. M., & Colao, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00122-9
Tatsi, C., Keil, M. F., & Stratakis, C. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66296-6_12
Cushing's syndrome screening and differential diagnosis
Lacroix, A., & Nieman, L. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00233-8
Aljabrain, F., Strobelt, C., Cu, B., & Huntsman, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.82689
“…a sensitivity of 50-67% in identifying the source of ectopic ACTH production, and when the findings are negative, a variety of nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques (Octreoscan, fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT, and gallium-68 somatostatin receptor-targeted PET/CT) can be used [6].”
Campion, T., Voltani, G., Tizianel, I., & Ceccato, F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27354-4.00004-1
Lyu, X., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Zhang, X., Zhu, H., Chen, S., Lü, L., & Pan, H. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-02092-y
“Although there is a noninvasive approach using a combination of three or four tests, specifically CRH and desmopressin stimulation plus MRI (very low quality, discretionary recommendation) [3, 6–12], BIPSS remains an essential diagnostic step for ACTH-dependent CS with MRI-detected lesions ≤ 6 mm.”
Diagnostic performance of desmopressin stimulation test in pediatric cushing’s disease
Omotosho, Y. B., Chang, R., Kassin, M. T., Groat, E., Quillian, A., Parker, R., & Tatsi, C. (2025) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01610-4
“In a recent study on a non-invasive approach to differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent CS, Frete et al. incorporated the CRH or DDAVP stimulation test in their diagnostic algorithm [12].”
Influential
- Authors
- Frete, C., Corcuff, J.-B., Kuhn, E., Salenave, S., Gaye, D., Young, J., Chanson, P., & Tabarin, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux (FR)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Tabarin, Antoine
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2020-06-27
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3273-3284
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W3037218403
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 12.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- Cushing's disease, ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, ectopic ACTH syndrome, CRH stimulation test, desmopressin test, pituitary MRI, whole-body CT, inferior petrosal sinus sampling, positive predictive value
- MeSH terms
- ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic, Adolescent, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Decision Support Techniques, Deamino Arginine Vasopressin, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary Function Tests, Pituitary Gland, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Petrosal Sinus Sampling, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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