Ambulatory Glucose Profile According to Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Women Living With Type 1 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Context: Some women living with type 1 diabetes complain of changes in glucose values according to the different phases of menstruation. Objective: To evaluate this variability through continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data in type 1 diabetes patients. Design: Observational study. Setting: Ambulatory data, recruitment in 2 centers in the Paris region. Patients: Twenty-four women with type 1 diabetes having spontaneous menstrual cycles. Intervention: Collection of CGM data for 62 spontaneous menstrual cycles, with evaluation of five 3-day phases during each cycle: (1) early follicular (menstruations), (2) mid-follicular, (3) peri-ovulatory, (4) mid-luteal, and (5) late luteal. Main outcome measure: Time in range (TIR, prespecified). Results: TIR decreased for each consecutive phase (61 ± 18%; 59 ± 18%; 59 ± 20%; 57 ± 18%; and 55 ± 20%, P = 0.02). The linear mixed model highlighted a decrease in TIR in the mid-luteal (P = 0.03) and late luteal (P < 0.001) phases compared with the early follicular phase. Time above range was significantly higher during the late luteal phase than the early follicular phase (P = 0.003). Time below range was significantly higher during the mid-follicular phase than in the early follicular phase. Conclusion: In most of the study population, glucose levels rose linearly throughout the menstrual cycle, reaching a maximum in the late luteal phase. A sharp decrease was seen for most participants at the beginning of menstrual bleeding. This should be taken into consideration in daily care of type 1 diabetes patients to avoid hypoglycemia.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review.
“We included 14 studies published between 1990 and 2022, with sample sizes from 4 to 124 patients.”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The Participants’ Characteristics section (page not provided) describes an original study of 24 women and 62 menstrual cycles, not a systematic review of 14 studies. The cited paper therefore does not support the attributed study count or the stated range of study sample sizes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBrain insulin resistance could be involved in worse glycemic control in the luteal phase in women with type I diabetes.
“This could also be involved in worse glycemic control in the luteal phase in women with type I diabetes40.”
From Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The Pathophysiology section says luteal-phase glycemic changes in women with type 1 diabetes may be linked to reduced insulin sensitivity, and the Conclusion reports worse time in range in the late luteal phase. The paper does not identify brain insulin resistance as the mechanism; that brain-specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA number of variables and determinants (e.g., carbohydrate intake, physical activity, premenstrual syndrome symptoms, sleep quality and quantity) have to be considered when monitoring patients over a medium-to-long period.
“the number of variables and determinants to be considered when monitoring patients over a medium-to-long period (i.e., carbohydrate intake, the frequency, duration and intensity of physical activity, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms and the quality and quantity of sleep) [8,9,10,11]”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The Outcomes section (page unavailable) says the study collected information on dietary changes, physical activity, and premenstrual syndrome symptoms during menstrual cycles. The Strengths and Limitations section (page unavailable) calls for more detailed study of food intake and physical activity. Our copy does not specify carbohydrate intake, the frequency, duration or intensity of activity, or sleep quality and quantity, nor does it make a general recommendation about medium-to-long-term monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 · Cited by 29,639 · see citing works
Battelino, T., Danne, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Amiel, S. A., Beck, R., Biester, T., Bosi, E., Buckingham, B. A., Cefalu, W. T., Close, K. L., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci19-0028 · Cited by 4,032 · see citing works
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
Melmed, S., & Polonsky, K. С. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-15980-6 · Cited by 3,716 · see citing works
A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories
Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., & Roeder, K. (2001) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124101029003005 · Cited by 2,374 · see citing works
Hill, N. R., Oliver, N. S., Choudhary, P., Lévy, J., Hindmarsh, P. C., & Matthews, D. R. (2011) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2010.0247 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Picard, F., Wanatabe, M., Schoonjans, K., Lydon, J. P., O’Malley, B. W., & Auwerx, J. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.202612199 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Yeung, E. H., Zhang, C., Mumford, S. L., Ye, A., Trevisan, M., Chen, L., Browne, R. W., Wactawski-Wende, J., & Schisterman, E. F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0702 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Effect of the menstrual cycle on energy and nutrient intake
Martini, M., Lampe, J. W., Slavin, J. L., & Kurzer, M. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/60.6.895 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Alterations in Glucose Metabolism During Menstrual Cycle in Women With IDDM
Widom, B., Diamond, M. P., & Simonson, D. C. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.2.213 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Brown, S. A., Jiang, B., McElwee-Malloy, M., Wakeman, C., & Breton, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296815608400 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Menstrual Cycle Effects on Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Trout, K. K., Rickels, M. R., Schutta, M. H., Petrova, M., Freeman, E. W., Tkacs, N. C., & Teff, K. L. (2007) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2006.0004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Barata, D. S., Adan, L. F., Netto, E. M., & Ramalho, A. C. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2248 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Goldner, W. S., Kraus, V. L., Sivitz, W. I., Hunter, S. K., & Dillon, J. S. (2004) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/1520915041705875 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on Insulin Resistance
Sağlam, K., Polat, Z., Yılmaz, M. İ., Güleç, M., & Akıncı, S. B. (2002) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:18:3:211 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sumino, H., Ichikawa, S., Itoh, H., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Umeda, M., Nakamura, T., Kanda, T., Mizunuma, H., Tomono, S., et al. (2003) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000072525 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Macdonald, I. A., Scott, A. R., Bowman, C. A., & Jeffcoate, W. J. (1990) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01309.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Julla, J., Jacquemier, P., Fagherazzi, G., Vidal-Trécan, T., Juddoo, V., Jaziri, A., Mersel, H., Venteclef, N., Roussel, R., Massin, P., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1847 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual effect of E2 and dydrogesterone on insulin sensitivity in post-menopausal women
Soranna, L., Cucinelli, F., Perri, C., Muzj, G., Giuliani, M., Villa, P., & Lanzone, A. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03345498 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cambios glucémicos durante el ciclo menstrual en mujeres con diabetes mellitus tipo 1
Herranz, L., Saez-de-Ibarra, L., Hillman, N., Gaspar, R., & Pallardo, L. F. (2016) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2015.11.044 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Siri, P. W., & Ginsberg, H. N. (2003) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00061-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Herranz L, Saez-de-Ibarra L, Hillman N, Gaspar R, Pallardo LF. Glycemic changes during menstrual cycles in women with type 1 diabetes. Med. Clin. (Barc.) 2016;146(7):287-291.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase
Hummel, J., Benkendorff, C., Fritsche, L., Prystupa, K., Vosseler, A., Gancheva, S., Trenkamp, S., Birkenfeld, A. L., Preissl, H., Roden, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00869-w · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Gamarra, E., & Trimboli, P. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13020374 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“[10] EF, MF, PO, ML, LL Dates of menses CGM Yes Patient reported data No Yes Yes No TIR decreases over the phases with SS difference between EF and LL.”
BackgroundTakagi, E., Kaga, H., Mori, R., Fujikawa, S., Nagashima, H., Kogai, T., Koshibu, M., Sato, J., Nishida, Y., Ikeda, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70463
- Authors
- Tatulashvili, S., Baptiste Julla, J., Sritharan, N., Rezgani, I., Levy, V., Bihan, H., Riveline, J.-P., & Cosson, E.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Lariboisiere Hospital, University of Paris-Cité , 75010 Paris , France
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- AP-HP, Clinical Research Unit, Avicenne Hospital, SMBH Paris 13 , 93000 Bobigny , France
- Corresponding author
- Tatulashvili, Sopio
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2022-07-23
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2793-2800
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W4286669176
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 4.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, menstrual cycle, continuous glucose monitoring, time in range, luteal phase, follicular phase, hypoglycemia, glycemic variability, women with diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Follicular Phase, Glucose, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
