Menstrual Cycle Effects on Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Abstract
Background Many women complain of difficulty maintaining euglycemia during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This pilot study's objective was to evaluate possible differences in insulin sensitivity between follicular and luteal phases in women with type 1 diabetes. Methods Women using insulin infusion pumps (n = 5, mean age 29.2 +/- 10.9 years, mean body mass index 24 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2)) underwent frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests during each cycle phase. Insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness were determined by Minimal Model analysis. Results Non-insulin-mediated glucose disposal increased during the luteal phase (0.009 +/- 0.004 min(1)) versus the follicular phase (0.005 +/- 0.003 min(1)) (P Conclusions Elevated blood glucose during the luteal phase may increase insulin-independent glucose disposal. Some individuals appear more responsive to menstrual cycle effects on insulin sensitivity. Women should be encouraged to use available self-monitoring technology to identify possible cyclical variations in blood glucose that might require clinician review and insulin dosage adjustments.
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Previous studies have reported increased insulin requirements and deterioration of glycemic control from the mid- to late-luteal phases in women with type 1 diabetes.
“Several previous studies have reported increased insulin requirements and deterioration of glycemic control from the mid‐ to late‐luteal phases in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 .”
A subset of women with type 1 diabetes (but not all) experience a 'menstrual cycle phenomenon' that can hinder optimal glycaemic control and negatively impact quality of life.
“Just as some (but not all) T1DM individuals experience a “dawn phenomenon” that requires insulin adjustment, a subset of T1DM women (but not all of them) experience a “menstrual cycle phenomenon” [23], which can represent an obstacle to the achievement of optimal glycaemic control and negatively impact patients’ quality of life.”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
The increase in progesterone in the luteal phase would determine an increased risk of hyperglycaemia.
“On the other hand, the increase in progesterone in the luteal phase would determine the increased risk of hyperglycaemia [13,23].”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Trout, K. K., Rickels, M. R., Schutta, M. H., Petrova, M., Freeman, E. W., Tkacs, N. C., & Teff, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Monell Chemical Senses Center (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 176-182
- ISSN
- 1520-9156 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8593
- OpenAlex
- W2001657917
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k12rr017625-02)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (F31NR008179, 1-F31-NR008179)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK 19525, P30DK019525)
- National Center for Research Resources (K12-RR-017625, M01-RR-00040, M01RR000040)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, insulin sensitivity, type 1 diabetes, luteal phase, follicular phase, insulin pump, glucose effectiveness, normoglycemia, self-monitoring of blood glucose, insulin dose adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin Infusion Systems, Menstrual Cycle, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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