The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Glucose Control in Women With Type 1 Diabetes Evaluated Using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System
Open accessAbstract
Information on the factors that affect glycemia is pivotal in the treatment of diabetes, including insulin sensitivity in different physiological processes (1–4). The current study evaluated the effect of the menstrual cycle on glucose control in six patients with type 1 diabetes, with a median age 23 years and regular menstrual cycles, not in use of hormonal contraception, not pregnant or breastfeeding, with normal thyroid function, and recent glycated hemoglobin 180 mg/dL, hypoglycemia 180 mg/dL (≤2 h after a meal), and nocturnal …
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Previous studies have reported increased insulin requirements and deterioration of glycemic control from the mid- to late-luteal phases in women with type 1 diabetes.
“Several previous studies have reported increased insulin requirements and deterioration of glycemic control from the mid‐ to late‐luteal phases in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 .”
From A study of changes in insulin requirements related to the menstrual cycle in Japanese women with type 1 diabetes using the advanced hybrid closed‐loop system (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The paper’s main text reports more hyperglycemia in the luteal than the follicular phase in six women with type 1 diabetes, supporting the glycemic-control portion of the claim. It does not report increased insulin requirements or a progression from mid- to late-luteal phases; its measurements compare days 18–22 with days 4–8. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur findings are consistent with previous studies on women with T1D treated with MDI or CSII, which consistently reported reduced insulin sensitivity and deterioration of glycemic control during the luteal phase.
“Our findings are consistent with those of previous studies on women with T1D treated with multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), which consistently reported reduced insulin sensitivity and deterioration of glycemic control during the luteal phase 4 , 5 , 16 .”
From A study of changes in insulin requirements related to the menstrual cycle in Japanese women with type 1 diabetes using the advanced hybrid closed‐loop system (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the paper’s main text (page not provided), the six women with type 1 diabetes included one using an insulin pump and five using multiple insulin doses. The study reports more hyperglycemia in the luteal than the follicular phase, but it does not report a measured reduction in insulin sensitivity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies show that the glycaemic worsening in the luteal phase occurs mainly in fasting glucose due to accentuation of the dawn phenomenon caused by progesterone.
“However, according to other studies, the worsening occurs mainly in fasting glucose due to the accentuation of the dawn phenomenon caused by progesterone [22,34]”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
The paper’s main text (page unavailable) reports higher luteal-phase glucose at fasting, but also after breakfast and lunch and before dinner; it does not establish that worsening occurs mainly while fasting. It reports higher progesterone in the luteal phase and suggests a possible hormonal effect, but does not identify a progesterone-caused accentuation of the dawn phenomenon. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies show that the glycaemic worsening in the luteal phase affects postprandial glucose.
“Since, according to some studies, this worsening affects postprandial glucose [13,19,22]”
From Menstrual Cycle, Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Barata, D. S., Adan, L. F., Netto, E. M., & Ramalho, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal da Bahia (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Ramalho, Ana Claudia
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2013-04-13
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e70-e70
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3631835
- OpenAlex
- W2043505835
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, type 1 diabetes, glycemic control, glycemia, insulin sensitivity, continuous glucose monitoring, women, hormonal contraception, hypoglycemia, HbA1c
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Young Adult
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