The Relevance of Glucose Counterregulatory Systems to Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus*

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Role of Glucagon, Catecholamines, and Growth Hormone in Human Glucose Counterregulation

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Identification of type I diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy.

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Prevention of Human Diabetic Ketoacidosis by Somatostatin

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The role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.

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Plasma Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in Untreated Diabetics, During Fasting and After Insulin Administration

Christensen, N. J. (1974) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.23.1.1 · Cited by 288 · see citing works

Glucose counterregulation, hypoglycemia, and intensive insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus

Epstein, F. H., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198507253130405 · Cited by 273 · see citing works

Blood-Brain Glucose Transfer: Repression in Chronic Hyperglycemia

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The “Dawn-Phenomenon” – a common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Bolli, G. B., & Gerich, J. E. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198403223101203 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Pathogenesis of the Dawn Phenomenon in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Campbell, P. J., Bolli, G. B., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198506063122302 · Cited by 218 · see citing works

Exacerbation of diabetes by excess insulin action

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Effects of physiologic levels of glucagon and growth hormone on human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Studies involving administration of exogenous hormone during suppression of endogenous hormone secretion with somatostatin

Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Bier, D. M., Tsalikian, E., Schneider, V, Karam, J. H., & Forsham, P. H. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108364 · Cited by 198 · see citing works

EFFECT OF CARDIOSELECTIVE AND NON-SELECTIVE β-BLOCKADE ON THE HYPOGLYCÆMIC RESPONSE IN INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETICS

Lager, I., Blohmé, G., & Smith, U. (1979) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90821-3 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

Hormonal mechanisms of recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.

Gerich, J., Davis, J., Lorenzi, M., Rizza, R., Bohannon, N., Karam, J., Lewis, S., Kaplan, R., Schultz, T., & Cryer, P. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.236.4.e380 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

Metabolic fuel and amino acid transport into the brain in experimental diabetes mellitus.

McCall, A. L., Millington, W. R., & Wurtman, R. J. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.17.5406 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

UNRECOGNISED NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCÆMIA IN INSULIN-TREATED DIABETICS

Gale, E. A. M., & Tattersall, R. B. (1979) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92950-7 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Intensive Insulin Therapy Reduces Counterregulatory Hormone Responses to Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type I Diabetes

Simonson, D. C., Tamborlane, W. V., DeFRONZO, R. A., & SHERWIN, R. S. (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-184 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone Release in Association with Physiological Decrements in the Plasma Glucose Concentration in Normal and Diabetic Man*

SANTIAGO, J. V., CLARKE, W. L., SHAH, S. D., & CRYER, P. E. (1980) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-51-4-877 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Abnormal Glucose Counterregulation after Subcutaneous Insulin in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Bolli, G. B., Dimitriadis, G., Pehling, G. B., Baker, B. A., Haymond, M. W., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198406283102605 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Reduced Epinephrine Secretion and Hypoglycemia Unawareness in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

Hoeldtke, R. D., BODEN, G., SHUMAN, C. R., & OWEN, O. E. (1982) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-459 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Cognitive function during hypoglycaemia in type I diabetes mellitus.

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Altered Responsiveness to Cortisol, Epinephrine, and Glucagon in Insulin-infused Juvenile-onset Diabetics: A Mechanism for Diabetic Instability

Shamoon, H., Hendler, R., & Sherwin, R. S. (1980) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.29.4.284 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

More on Neuropathy from Pyridoxine Abuse

Berger, A., & Schaumburg, H. H. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198410113111513 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Severe Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia Associated with Deficiencies in the Release of Counterregulatory Hormones

Boden, G. H., Reichard, G., Hoeldtke, R. D., Rezvani, I., & Owen, O. E. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198111123052007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Islet function and stress hyperglycemia: plasma glucose and epinephrine interaction

Halter, J. B., Beard, J. C., & Porte, D. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.1.e47 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

ROLE OF GLUCAGON AND OTHER HORMONES IN DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Alberti, K. G. M. M., Christensen, N. J., Iversen, J., & Ørskov, H. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92315-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Role of Epinephrine-mediated β-Adrenergic Mechanisms in Hypoglycemic Glucose Counterregulation and Posthypoglycemic Hyperglycemia in Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Popp, D. A., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110455 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Defective glucose counterregulation after subcutaneous insulin in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Paradoxical suppression of glucose utilization and lack of compensatory increase in glucose production, roles of insulin resistance, abnormal neuroendocrine responses, and islet paracrine interactions.

Bolli, G. B., Tsalikian, E., Haymond, M. W., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111359 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Glucose Counterregulation and Waning of Insulin in the Somogyi Phenomenon (Posthypoglycemic Hyperglycemia)

Bolli, G. B., Gottesman, I. S., Campbell, P. J., Haymond, M. W., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198411083111904 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Enhanced glycemic responsiveness to epinephrine in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is the result of the inability to secrete insulin. Augmented insulin secretion normally limits the glycemic, but not the lipolytic or ketogenic, response to epinephrine in humans.

Berk, M. A., Clutter, W. E., Skor, D. A., SHAH, S. D., Gingerich, R. L., Parvin, C. A., & Cryer, P. E. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111898 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Variable Deterioration in Cortical Function During Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia

Herold, K. C., Polonsky, K. S., Cohen, R. M., Levy, J., & Douglas, F. L. (1985) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.34.7.677 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Role of hepatic autoregulation in defense against hypoglycemia in humans.

Bolli, G. B., Feo, P. D., Perriello, G., Cosmo, S. D., Ventura, M. M., Campbell, P., Brunetti, P., & Gerich, J. E. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111869 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Mechanisms of postprandial glucose counterregulation in man. Physiologic roles of glucagon and epinephrine vis-a-vis insulin in the prevention of hypoglycemia late after glucose ingestion

Tse, T. F., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110967 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Adrenergic mechanisms in recovery from hypoglycemia in man: adrenergic blockade.

Clarke, W. L., Santiago, J. V., Thomas, L., Ben-Galim, E., Haymond, M. W., & Cryer, P. E. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.236.2.e147 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Neuroendocrine responses to glucose ingestion in man. Specificity, temporal relationships, and quantitative aspects

Tse, T. F., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., Miller, J. P., & Cryer, P. E. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110966 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Relation of Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia in Type I Diabetics

Polonsky, K. S., Bergenstal, R. M., Pons, G. M., Schneider, M., Jaspan, J. B., & Rubenstein, A. H. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198210283071802 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Pump-induced Insulin Aggregation: A Problem with the Biostator

Brennan, J. R., Gebhart, S. S. P., & Blackard, W. G. (1985) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.34.4.353 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Oral Propranolol and Metoprolol Both Impair Glucose Recovery from Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Popp, D. A., Tse, T. F., Shah, S. D., Clutter, W. E., & Cryer, P. E. (1984) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.7.3.243 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Adrenergic blockade alters glucose kinetics during exercise in insulin-dependent diabetics.

Simonson, D. C., Koivisto, V. A., Sherwin, R. S., Ferrannini, E., Hendler, R., JUHLIN‐DANNFELT, A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111371 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Failure of Cortisol Blockade to Inhibit Early Morning Increases in Basal Insulin Requirements in Fasting Insulin-dependent Diabetics

Bright, G. M., Melton, T. W., Rogol, A. D., & Clarke, W. L. (1980) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.29.8.662 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

The Temporal Relationship between Endogenously Secreted Stress Hormones and Metabolic Decompensation in Diabetic Man*

Schade, D. S., & Eaton, R. P. (1980) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-50-1-131 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Incidence of Hypoglycemic Episodes in Diabetic Patients Under Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Intensified Conventional Insulin Treatment: Assessment by Means of Semiambulatory 24-hour Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Arias, P., Kerner, W., Zier, H., Navascués, I., & Pfeiffer, E. F. (1985) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.8.2.134 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Plasma Pancreatic Polypeptide Response to Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia as a Marker for Defective Glucose Counterregulation in Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

White, N. H., Gingerich, R. L., Levandoski, L. A., Cryer, P. E., & Santiago, J. V. (1985) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.34.9.870 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

The Adrenergic Contribution to Glucose Counterregulation in Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Dependency on A-Cell Function and Mediation Through Beta2-Adrenergic Receptors

Feo, P. D., Bolli, G. B., Perriello, G., Cosmo, S. D., Compagnucci, P., Angeletti, G., Santeusanio, F., Gerich, J. E., Motulese, M., & Brunetti, P. (1983) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.32.10.887 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Pathogenesis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Reappraisal

Schade, D. S., & Eaton, R. P. (1979) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.2.3.296 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Rarity of a Marked “Dawn Phenomenon” in Diabetic Subjects Treated by Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

Bending, J. J., Pickup, J. C., Collins, A. C. G., & KEEN, H. (1985) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.8.1.28 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Epinephrine supports the postabsorptive plasma glucose concentration and prevents hypoglycemia when glucagon secretion is deficient in man

Rosen, S. G., Clutter, W. E., Berk, M. A., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111226 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Examination of the Role of the Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, Counterregulatory Hormones, and Insulin Clearance in Variable Nocturnal Insulin Requirements in Insulin-dependent Diabetes

Skor, D. A., White, N. H., Thomas, L. L., SHAH, S. D., Cryer, P. E., & Santiago, J. V. (1983) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.32.5.403 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Studies on the pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in insulin-dependent diabetic patients

Kerner, W., Navascués, I., Torres, A. A., & Pfeiffer, E. F. (1984) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(84)90148-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The Somogyi Phenomenon

Raskin, P. (1984) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.144.4.781 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Effect of Propranolol on Delayed Glucose Recovery After Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Kleinbaum, J., & Shamoon, H. (1984) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.7.2.155 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Does Central Nervous System Adaptation to Antecedent Glycemia Occur in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus?

Cryer, P. E. (1985) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-284 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Frequency of Daytime Biochemical Hypoglycaemia in Insulin‐treated Diabetic Patients: Relation to Daily Median Blood Glucose Concentrations

Thorsteinsson, B., Pramming, S., Lauritzen, T., & Binder, C. (1986) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1986.tb00726.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Relative Roles of Insulin Clearance and Insulin Sensitivity in the Prebreakfast Increase in Insulin Requirements in Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patients

Skor, D. A., White, N. H., Thomas, L. L., & Santiago, J. V. (1984) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.33.1.60 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The Role of Autoregulation of the Hepatic Glucose Production in Man: Response to a Physiologic Decrement in Plasma Glucose

Hansen, I., Firth, R. G., Haymond, M. W., Cryer, P., & Rizza, R. A. (1986) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.35.2.186 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Effects of Long-Term Optimization and Short-Term Deterioration of Glycemic Control on Glucose Counterregulation in Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Bolli, G. B., Feo, P. D., Cosmo, S. D., Perriello, G., Angeletti, G., Ventura, M. R., Santeusanio, F., Brunetti, P., & Gerich, J. E. (1984) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.33.4.394 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Metabolic Homeostasis in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus: II. Increased Ketone Responsiveness to Epinephrine

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Influence of Growth Hormone on Overnight Insulin Requirements in Insulin-dependent Diabetes

Skor, D. A., White, N. H., Thomas, L. L., & Santiago, J. V. (1985) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.34.2.135 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Defective glucose counterregulation limits intensive therapy of diabetes mellitus

Santiago, J. V., White, N. H., Skor, D. A., Levandoski, L. A., Bier, D. M., & Cryer, P. E. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.e215 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The importance of plasma free insulin and counterregulatory hormones for the recovery of blood glucose following hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetics

Madsbad, S., Hilsted, J., Krarup, T., Sestoft, L., Christensen, N. J., & Tronier, B. (1985) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1080224 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Glucagon Responses to Hypoglycemia in Type I Diabetic Men After 24-hour Glucoregulation by Glucose-controlled Insulin Infusion

Ensinck, J. W., & Kanter, R. A. (1980) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.3.2.285 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine during diabetic ketoacidosis

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Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than the threshold for symptoms.

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Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Surgery: Current Concepts and Controversies

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Amylin and the amylin gene: structure, function and relationship to islet amyloid and to diabetes mellitus

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Early Loss of the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

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MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Pathogenesis and management of hypoglycemia

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Diabetes Mellitus and Ramadan Fasting: The Need for a Critical Appraisal

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Three new mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene in Japanese subjects with diabetes mellitus: clinical features and functional characterization

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Failure of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia to Cause Fasting Hyperglycemia in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

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DANGEROUS AND COMMON DRUG INTERACTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

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Philip E. Cryer, MD: seminal contributions to the understanding of hypoglycemia and glucose Counterregulation and the discovery of HAAF (Cryer Syndrome)

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Glucagon, not insulin, may play a secondary role in defense against hypoglycemia during exercise

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Synapses on Sympathetic Neurons and Parasympathetic Neurons Differ in Their Vulnerability to Diabetes

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Impaired Counterregulatory Hormone Responses to Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents with New Onset IDDM

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Glucagon Responses to Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents With IDDM

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Abnormal Alpha Cell Hypoglycemic Recognition in Children with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

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Adverse Effects of Exogenous Insulin

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Carbohydrate Metabolism in End‐Stage Renal Disease

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