CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 239Bariatric Surgery and OutcomesDiabetes Management and ResearchMinimally Invasive Surgical Techniques

Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Surgery: Current Concepts and Controversies

Open access
Salehi, Marzieh, Vella, Adrian, McLaughlin, Tracey, Patti, Mary-Elizabeth·2018·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
DOI 10.1210/jc.2018-00528PMC PMC6692713
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Context: Hypoglycemia, occurring after bariatric and other forms of upper gastrointestinal surgery, is increasingly encountered by clinical endocrinologists. The true frequency of this condition remains uncertain, due, in part, to differences in the diagnostic criteria and in the affected populations, as well as relative lack of patient and physician awareness and understanding of this condition. Postbariatric hypoglycemia can be severe and disabling for some patients, with neuroglycopenia (altered cognition, seizures, and loss of consciousness) leading to falls, motor vehicle accidents, and job and income loss. Moreover, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia can result in hypoglycemia unawareness, further impairing safety and requiring the assistance of others to treat hypoglycemia. Objective: In this review, we summarize and integrate data from studies of patients affected by hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, obtained from PubMed searches (1990 to 2017) and reference searches of relevant retrieved articles. Whereas hypoglycemia can also be observed after sleeve gastrectomy and fundoplication, this review is focused on post-RYGB, given the greater body of published clinical studies at present. Outcome Measures: Data addressing specific aspects of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment were reviewed by the authors; when not available, the authors have provided opinions based on clinical experience with this challenging condition. Conclusions: Hypoglycemia, occurring after gastric bypass surgery, is challenging for patients and physicians alike. This review provides a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment based on the underlying pathophysiology.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/jc.2018-00528

Cites

15 of 15 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Decreased insulin clearance, blunted glucagon responses, increased serotonin levels, altered bile acid metabolism, and changes in microbiome composition have been implicated in PBH pathophysiology.

    “Decreased insulin clearance, blunted glucagon responses, increased serotonin levels, altered bile acid metabolism, and changes in microbiome composition have also been implicated in the complex pathophysiology of PBH [49,53,54].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Pathophysiology of PBH section reports reduced insulin clearance and a diminished glucagon response to hypoglycemia after RYGB. Figure 3 in the Concluding Remarks also lists altered bile acid metabolism and the microbiome as potential contributors. Our copy does not mention increased serotonin levels, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • An oral glucose tolerance test is not an accurate test for diagnosing hypoglycemia and could lead to hypoglycemic seizures.

    “An oral glucose tolerance test is not recommended, as this could lead to hypoglycemic seizures and is not an accurate test for diagnosing hypoglycemia [49].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Diagnostic Evaluation section says an oral glucose tolerance test should play no role in evaluating meal-induced hypoglycemia, particularly after gastrointestinal surgery, because low readings can occur without neuroglycopenia. It also warns that provocative meal tests risk severe hypoglycemia and identifies seizures as a possible symptom of hypoglycemia, but it does not specifically say that the oral glucose tolerance test causes seizures. The claim also omits the paper’s meal-induced and post-surgical context. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Prevalence of PBH is difficult to accurately ascertain because epidemiologic reports use different criteria to identify hypoglycemia, but hypoglycemic symptoms have been reported in approximately one third of patients after RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy.

    “Prevalence of PBH is difficult to accurately ascertain, as epidemiologic reports use different criteria to identify hypoglycemia, but hypoglycemic symptoms have been reported in approximately one third of patients after RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy [49].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Patients with PBH experience a hyperinsulinemic response to meals, especially meals high in carbohydrates, leading to postprandial hypoglycemia and neuroglycopenic symptoms.

    “Patients experience a hyperinsulinemic response to meals, especially meals high in carbohydrates, leading to postprandial hypoglycemia and neuroglycopenic symptoms [49].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

  • Higher postprandial glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels stimulate insulin secretion.

    “This leads to higher postprandial glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, which then stimulate insulin secretion [49].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [49]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 63

  1. Whipple AO. The surgical therapy of hyperisulinism. J Int Chir. 1938;3:237-276.
  2. Mulla CM, Storino A, Yee EU, Lautz D, Sawnhey MS, Moser AJ, Patti ME. Insulinoma after bariatric surgery: diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic approaches. Obes Surg. 2016;26(4):874-881.
  3. Tack J, Arts J, Caenepeel P, De Wulf D, Bisschops R. Patho- physiology, diagnosis and management of postoperative dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(10):583- 590.
  4. Shah M, Law JH, Micheletto F, Sathananthan M, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, Rizza RA, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Vella A. Contribution of endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 to glucose metabolism after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetes. 2014;63(2): 483-493.
  5. Goldfine AB, Mun EC, Devine E, Bernier R, Baz-Hecht M, Jones DB, Schneider BE, Holst JJ, Patti ME. Patients with neuro- glycopenia after gastric bypass surgery have exaggerated incretin and insulin secretory responses to a mixed meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(12):4678-4685.
  6. Salehi M, Gastaldelli A, D'Alessio DA. Blockade of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor corrects postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(3):669-680.e2.
  7. International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentra- tions of less than 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Di- abetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):155-157.
  8. Dirksen C, Eiken A, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Martinussen C, Jørgensen NB, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. No islet cell hyperfunction, but altered gut-islet regulation and postprandial hypoglycemia in glucose-tolerant patients 3 years after gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2016;26(9):2263-2267.
  9. Salehi M, Woods SC, D'Alessio DA. Gastric bypass alters both glucose-dependent and glucose-independent regulation of islet hormone secretion. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(10): 2046-2052.
  10. Placzkowski KA, Vella A, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Reading CC, Charboneau JW, Andrews JC, Lloyd RV, Service FJ. Secular trends in the presentation and management of functioning insulinoma at the Mayo Clinic, 1987-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(4):1069-1073.
  11. Thompson SM, Vella A, Service FJ, Grant CS, Thompson GB, Andrews JC. Impact of variant pancreatic arterial anatomy and overlap in regional perfusion on the interpretation of selective arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling for preoperative localization of occult insulinoma. Surgery. 2015;158(1):162-172.
  12. Service GJ, Thompson GB, Service FJ, Andrews JC, Collazo-Clavell ML, Lloyd RV. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with nesidio- blastosis after gastric-bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(3): 249-254.
  13. Patti ME, McMahon G, Mun EC, Bitton A, Holst JJ, Goldsmith J, Hanto DW, Callery M, Arky R, Nose V, Bonner-Weir S, Goldfine AB. Severe hypoglycaemia post-gastric bypass requiring partial pancreatectomy: evidence for inappropriate insulin secretion and pancreatic islet hyperplasia. Diabetologia. 2005;48(11): 2236-2240.
  14. Creutzfeldt W, Ebert R. New developments in the incretin concept. Diabetologia. 1985;28(8):565-573.
  15. Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Both GLP-1 and GIP are insulinotropic at basal and postprandial glucose levels and con- tribute nearly equally to the incretin effect of a meal in healthy subjects. Regul Pept. 2003;114(2-3):115-121.
  16. Salehi M, D'Alessio DA. Effects of glucagon like peptide-1 to mediate glycemic effects of weight loss surgery. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014;15(3):171-179.
  17. Salehi M, Prigeon RL, D'Alessio DA. Gastric bypass surgery en- hances glucagon-like peptide 1-stimulated postprandial insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes. 2011;60(9):2308-2314.
  18. Camastra S, Muscelli E, Gastaldelli A, Holst JJ, Astiarraga B, Baldi S, Nannipieri M, Ciociaro D, Anselmino M, Mari A, Ferrannini E. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on meal disposal and b-cell function in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetes. 2013; 62(11):3709-3717.
  19. Jacobsen SH, Bojsen-Møller KN, Dirksen C, Jørgensen NB, Clausen TR, Wulff BS, Kristiansen VB, Worm D, Hansen DL, Holst JJ, van Hall G, Madsbad S. Effects of gastric bypass sur- gery on glucose absorption and metabolism during a mixed meal in glucose-tolerant individuals. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10): 2250-2254.
  20. Nguyen NQ, Debreceni TL, Bambrick JE, Bellon M, Wishart J, Standfield S, Rayner CK, Horowitz M. Rapid gastric and intesti- nal transit is a major determinant of changes in blood glucose, intestinal hormones, glucose absorption and postprandial symp- toms after gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(9): 2003-2009.
  21. McLaughlin T, Peck M, Holst J, Deacon C. Reversible hyper- insulinemic hypoglycemia after gastric bypass: a consequence of altered nutrient delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4): 1851-1855.
  22. Salehi M, Gastaldelli A, D'Alessio DA. Evidence from a single individual that increased plasma GLP-1 and GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion after gastric bypass are independent of foregut exclusion. Diabetologia. 2014;57(7):1495-1499.
  23. Craig CM, Liu LF, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, McLaughlin TL. Critical role for GLP-1 in symptomatic post-bariatric hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia. 2017;60(3):531-540.
  24. Reubi JC, Perren A, Rehmann R, Waser B, Christ E, Callery M, Goldfine AB, Patti ME. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors are not overexpressed in pancreatic islets from patients with severe hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia following gastric bypass. Dia- betologia. 2010;53(12):2641-2645.
  25. Ionut V, Hucking K, Liberty IF, Bergman RN. Synergistic effect of portal glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 to lower systemic glucose and stimulate counter-regulatory hormones. Diabetologia. 2005;48(5):967-975.
  26. Dunning BE, Moore MC, Ikeda T, Neal DW, Scott MF, Cherrington AD. Portal glucose infusion exerts an incretin effect associated with changes in pancreatic neural activity in conscious dogs. Metabolism. 2002;51(10):1324-1330.
  27. Johnson KM, Edgerton DS, Rodewald T, Scott M, Farmer B, Neal D, Cherrington AD. Intraportal GLP-1 infusion increases non- hepatic glucose utilization without changing pancreatic hor- mone levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293(4): E1085-E1091.
  28. Abrahamsson N, B örjesson JL, Sundbom M, Wiklund U, Karlsson FA, Eriksson JW. Gastric bypass reduces symptoms and hormonal responses in hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2016;65(9): 2667-2675.
  29. Patti ME, Goldfine AB, Hu J, Hoem D, Molven A, Goldsmith J, Schwesinger WH, La Rosa S, Folli F, Kulkarni RN. Heterogeneity of proliferative markers in pancreatic b-cells of patients with severe hypoglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54(8):737-747.
  30. Falkén Y, Hellstr öm PM, Holst JJ, N äslund E. Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):2227-2235.
  31. Patti ME, Li P, Goldfine AB. Insulin response to oral stimuli and glucose effectiveness increased in neuroglycopenia following gas- tric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(4):798-807.
  32. Kellogg TA, Bantle JP, Leslie DB, Redmond JB, Slusarek B, Swan T, Buchwald H, Ikramuddin S. Postgastric bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia syndrome: characterization and response to a modified diet. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(4):492-499.
  33. Stano S, Alam F, Wu L, Dutia R, Ng SN, Sala M, McGinty J, Laferrère B. Effect of meal size and texture on gastric pouch emptying and glucagon-like peptide 1 after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(12):1975-1983.
  34. Bantle AE, Wang Q, Bantle JP. Post-gastric bypass hyper- insulinemic hypoglycemia: fructose is a carbohydrate which can be safely consumed. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8): 3097-3102.
  35. Gremse DA, Bucuvalas JC, Balistreri WF. Efficacy of cornstarch therapy in type III glycogen-storage disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52(4):671-674.
  36. Frankhouser SY, Ahmad AN, Perilli GA, Quintana BJ, Vengrove MA. Post-gastric-bypass hypoglycemia successfully treated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor therapy. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(3): 511-514.
  37. Moreira RO, Moreira RBM, Machado NAM, Gonçalves TB, Coutinho WF. Post-prandial hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery: pharmacological treatment with verapamil and acarbose. Obes Surg. 2008;18(12):1618-1621.
  38. Valderas JP, Ahuad J, Rubio L, Escalona M, Pollak F, Maiz A. Acarbose improves hypoglycaemia following gastric bypass sur- gery without increasing glucagon-like peptide 1 levels. Obes Surg. 2012;22(4):582-586.
  39. Imhof A, Schneemann M, Schaffner A, Br ändle M. Reactive hypoglycaemia due to late dumping syndrome: successful treatment with acarbose. Swiss Med Wkly. 2001;131(5-6):81-83.
  40. Spanakis E, Gragnoli C. Successful medical management of status post-Roux-en-Y-gastric-bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Obes Surg. 2009;19(9):1333-1334.
  41. Gonzalez-Gonzalez A, Delgado M, Fraga-Fuentes MD. Use of diazoxide in management of severe postprandial hypoglycemia in patient after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013; 9(1):e18-e19.
  42. Myint KS, Greenfield JR, Farooqi IS, Henning E, Holst JJ, Finer N. Prolonged successful therapy for hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia after gastric bypass: the pathophysiological role of GLP1 and its response to a somatostatin analogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 166(5):951-955.
  43. Craig CM, Lamendola C, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, McLaughlin TL. The use of gastrostomy tube for the long-term remission of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-y gastric bypass: a case report. AACE Clin Case Rep. 2015;1(2):e84-e87.
  44. Shoar S, Nguyen T, Ona MA, Reddy M, Anand S, Alkuwari MJ, Saber AA. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reversal: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(7):1366-1372.
  45. Davis DB, Khoraki J, Ziemelis M, Sirinvaravong S, Han JY, Campos GM. Roux en Y gastric bypass hypoglycemia resolves with gastric feeding or reversal: confirming a non-pancreatic etiology. Mol Metab. 2018;9:15-27.
  46. Arora I, Patti ME. Can reversal of RYGB also reverse hypogly- cemia? Mol Metab. 2018;9:1-3.
  47. Qvigstad E, Gulseth HL, Risstad H, le Roux CW, Berg TJ, Mala T, Kristinsson JA. A novel technique of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reversal for postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;21:91-94.
  48. Craig CM, Liu LF, Nguyen T, Price C, Bingham J, McLaughlin TL. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous exendin (9-39) in patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(2):352-361.
  49. Laguna Sanz AJ, Mulla CM, Fowler KM, Cloutier E, Goldfine AB, Newswanger B, Cummins M, Deshpande S, Prestrelski SJ, Strange P, Zisser H, Doyle FJ III, Dassau E, Patti ME. Design and clinical evaluation of a novel low-glucose prediction algorithm with mini- dose stable glucagon delivery in post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Di- abetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(2):127-139.
  50. Corbin JA, Bhaskar V, Goldfine ID, Bedinger DH, Lau A, Michelson K, Gross LM, Maddux BA, Kuan HF, Tran C, Lao L, Handa M, Watson SR, Narasimha AJ, Zhu S, Levy R, Webster L, Wijesuriya SD, Liu N, Wu X, Chemla-Vogel D, Lee SR, Wong S, Wilcock D, White ML. Improved glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo by an allosteric monoclonal antibody that increases insulin receptor binding affinity. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88684.
  51. Goldfine AB, Patti ME. How common is hypoglycemia after gastric bypass? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(6):1210-1211.
  52. Belligoli A, Sanna M, Serra R, Fabris R, Pra' CD, Conci S, Fioretto P, Prevedello L, Foletto M, Vettor R, Busetto L. Incidence and predictors of hypoglycemia 1 year after laparoscopic sleeve gas- trectomy. Obes Surg. 2017;27(12):3179-3186.
  53. Bernard B, Kline GA, Service FJ. Hypoglycaemia following upper gastrointestinal surgery: case report and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10(1):77.
  54. Palladino AA, Sayed S, Levitt Katz LE, Gallagher PR, De Le ón DD. Increased glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and postprandial hypoglycemia in children after Nissen fundoplication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(1):39-44.
  55. Scavini M, Pontiroli AE, Folli F. Asymptomatic hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after gastric banding. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(26): 2822-2823.
  56. Abrahamsson N, Edén Engstr öm B, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA. Hypoglycemia in everyday life after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(1):91-100.
  57. Halperin F, Patti ME, Skow M, Bajwa M, Goldfine AB. Contin- uous glucose monitoring for evaluation of glycemic excursions after gastric bypass. J Obes. 2011;2011:869536.
  58. Hanaire H, Dubet A, Chauveau ME, Anduze Y, Fernandes M, Melki V, Ritz P. Usefulness of continuous glucose monitoring for the di- agnosis of hypoglycemia after a gastric bypass in a patient previously treated for type 2 diabetes. Obes Surg. 2010;20(1):126-129.
  59. Kefurt R, Langer FB, Schindler K, Shakeri-Leidenm ühler S, Ludvik B, Prager G. Hypoglycemia after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass: de- tection rates of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) versus mixed meal test. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11(3):564-569.
  60. Michaels AD, Hunter Mehaffey J, Brenton French W, Schirmer BD, Kirby JL, Hallowell PT. Hypoglycemia following bariatric surgery: our 31-year experience. Obes Surg. 2017;27(12): 3118-3123.
  61. Lee CJ, Wood GC, Lazo M, Brown TT, Clark JM, Still C, Benotti P. Risk of post-gastric bypass surgery hypoglycemia in nondiabetic individuals: a single center experience. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(6):1342-1348.
  62. Nannipieri M, Belligoli A, Guarino D, Busetto L, Moriconi D, Fabris R, Mari A, Baldi S, Anselmino M, Foletto M, Vettor R, Ferrannini E. Risk factors for spontaneously self-reported post- prandial hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(10):3600-3607.
  63. Raverdy V, Baud G, Pigeyre M, Verkindt H, Torres F, Preda C, Thuillier D, Gélé P, Vantyghem MC, Caiazzo R, Pattou F. In- cidence and predictive factors of postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a five year longi- tudinal study. Ann Surg. 2016;264(5):878-885.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Salehi, M., Vella, A., McLaughlin, T., & Patti, M.-E.
Affiliations
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
Corresponding author
Patti, Mary-Elizabeth
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2018-05-04
Volume
103
Issue
8
Pages
2815-2826
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2018-00528
PMC
PMC6692713
OpenAlex
W2800891187
Cited by
239
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 3
FWCI
4.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (DK083554-05, DK105379, DK78646, DK116231, U01 DK114156, R44 DK107114)
  • Cincinnati Children's Hospital Clinical Research Center (UL1 TR000077)
  • Mayo Clinic General Clinical Researc hCenter (UL1 TR000135)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques
Keywords
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bariatric surgery, neuroglycopenia, hypoglycemia unawareness, hypoglycemia diagnosis, hypoglycemia treatment, sleeve gastrectomy, fundoplication
MeSH terms
Gastrectomy, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Obesity, Morbid, Laparoscopy, Gastric Bypass

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review