The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions
Open accessAbstract
The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D–deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Holick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720
Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007146.pub3 · Cited by 3,966
Toll-Like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response
Liu, P. T., Stenger, S., Li, H., Wenzel, L., Tan, B. H., Krutzik, S. R., Ochoa, M. T., Schauber, J., Wu, K., Meinken, C., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123933 · Cited by 3,924
Dempster, D. W., Compston, J. E., Drezner, M. K., Glorieux, F. H., Kanis, J. A., Malluche, H., Meunier, P. J., Ott, S. M., Recker, R. R., & Parfitt, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1805 · Cited by 2,543
Martineau, A. R., Jolliffe, D. A., Hooper, R. L., Greenberg, L., Aloia, J. F., Bergman, P., Dubnov-Raz, G., Esposito, S., Ganmaa, D., Ginde, A. A., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583 · Cited by 2,040
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system
Li, Y. C., Kong, J., Wei, M., Chen, Z.-F., Liu, S. Q., & Cao, L.-P. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215219 · Cited by 1,625
Tang, B. M., Eslick, G. D., Nowson, C., Smith, C., & Bensoussan, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61342-7 · Cited by 1,248
Vimaleswaran, K. S., Berry, D. J., Lu, C., Tikkanen, E., Pilz, S., Hiraki, L. T., Cooper, J. D., Dastani, Z., Li, R., Houston, D. K., et al. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383 · Cited by 1,046
The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Cho, J. H. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2340 · Cited by 940
Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals
Cameron, I. D., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Murray, G. R., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., & Kerse, N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005465.pub3 · Cited by 928
Beaudart, C., Buckinx, F., Rabenda, V., Gillain, S., Cavalier, E., Slomian, J., Petermans, J., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1742 · Cited by 676
A vitamin D receptor/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response
Ding, N., Yu, R. T., Subramaniam, N., Sherman, M. H., Wilson, C., Rao, R., Leblanc, M., Coulter, S., He, M., Scott, C., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.028 · Cited by 622
The roles of vitamin D in skeletal muscle: form, function, and metabolism
Girgis, C. M., Clifton-Bligh, R. J., Hamrick, M. W., Holick, M. F., & Gunton, J. E. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1012 · Cited by 567
Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men
Avenell, A., Mak, J. C., & O'Connell, D. L. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000227.pub4 · Cited by 482
Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Mokry, L. E., Ross, S., Ahmad, O. S., Forgetta, V., Smith, G. D., Leong, A., Greenwood, C. M. T., Thanassoulis, G., & Richards, J. B. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001866 · Cited by 445
Larsen, E. R., Mosekilde, L., & Foldspang, A. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.0301240 · Cited by 364
A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas
Baron, J. A., Barry, E. L., Mott, L. A., Rees, J. R., Sandler, R. S., Snover, D. C., Bostick, R. M., Ivanova, A., Cole, B. F., Ahnen, D. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1500409 · Cited by 315
Skin β-Endorphin Mediates Addiction to UV Light
Fell, G. L., Robinson, K. C., Mao, J., Woolf, C. J., & Fisher, D. E. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.032 · Cited by 299
Prentice, R. L., Pettinger, M. B., Jackson, R. D., Wactawski-Wende, J., LaCroix, A. Z., Anderson, G. L., Chlebowski, R. T., Manson, J. E., Van Horn, L., Vitolins, M. Z., et al. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2224-2 · Cited by 295
Cooper, J. D., Smyth, D. J., Walker, N. M., Stevens, H., Burren, O. S., Wallace, C., Greissl, C., Ramos-Lopez, E., Hyppönen, E., Dunger, D. B., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1656 · Cited by 279
Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
Martineau, A. R., Honecker, F. U., Wilkinson, R. J., & Griffiths, C. J. (2007) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.052 · Cited by 216
Ellison, T. I., Smith, M. K., Gilliam, A. C., & MacDonald, P. N. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2008.131 · Cited by 159
Blomberg Jensen, M., Lawaetz, J. G., Petersen, J. H., Juul, A., & Jørgensen, N. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01656 · Cited by 129
Tang, J. Y., Fu, T., LeBlanc, E., Manson, J. E., Feldman, D., Linos, E., Vitolins, M. Z., Zeitouni, N. C., Larson, J., & Stefanick, M. L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.34.5967 · Cited by 117
Cited by
Berger, M. M., Shenkin, A., Schweinlin, A., Amrein, K., Augsburger, M., Biesalski, H.-K., Bischoff, S. C., Casaer, M. P., Gundogan, K., Lepp, H.-L., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.015 · Cited by 615
The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: Evidence from human studies
Bouillon, R., Manousaki, D., Rosen, C., Trajanoska, K., Rivadeneira, F., & Richards, J. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00593-z · Cited by 535
Self-citationConsensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: Whys, whens, and hows
Giustina, A., Bilezikian, J. P., Adler, R. A., Banfi, G., Bikle, D. D., Binkley, N. C., Bollerslev, J., Bouillon, R., Brandi, M. L., Casanueva, F. F., et al. (2024) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae009 · Cited by 392
Self-citationZhang, Y., Tan, H., Tang, J., Li, J., Chong, W., Hai, Y., Feng, Y., Lunsford, L. D., Xu, P., Jia, D., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1708 · Cited by 195
Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children
Mansur, J. L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D., & Costanzo, P. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091900 · Cited by 185
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouillon, R., Marcocci, C., Carmeliet, G., Bikle, D., White, J. H., Dawson-Hughes, B., Lips, P., Munns, C. F., Lazaretti-Castro, M., Giustina, A., & Bilezikian, J.
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2018-10-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1109-1151
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W2896178057
- Cited by
- 1,143
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 49.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
