Recent changes in pubertal timing in healthy danish boys: associations with body mass index
Abstract
CONTEXT: In the 1990s, the American population-based study NHANES III renewed the focus on possible secular trends in male puberty. However, no conclusions could be made on pubertal onset due to the lack of compatible data. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate secular trends in pubertal onset during the recent 15 yr and their relation to body mass index (BMI) in boys. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1991-1993 and a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study in 2006-2008 (The Copenhagen Puberty Study) at a tertiary center for pediatric endocrinology. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1528 boys aged 5.8 to 19.9 yr participated (n = 824 in 1991-1993, and n = 704 in 2006-2008). Genital and pubic hair stages as well as testicular volume by orchidometry were evaluated. Blood samples were analyzed for LH, FSH, testosterone, and SHBG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured age at onset of pubertal markers. RESULTS: Onset of puberty, defined as age at attainment of testicular volume above 3 ml, occurred significantly earlier in 2006-2008 [11.66 yr (11.49-11.82); mean (95% confidence interval)] than in 1991-1993 [11.92 yr (11.76-12.08); P = 0.025]. Significantly higher LH, but not testosterone, levels were found in the 11- to 16-yr-old boys from 2006-2008 compared to 1991-1993 (P = 0.020). BMI Z-score increased significantly from 1991-1993 [0.044 (-0.016 to 0.104)] to 2006-2008 [0.290 (0.219-0.361); P < 0.001]. Interestingly, pubertal onset and LH levels were no longer significantly different between study periods after adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated mean age at onset of puberty has declined significantly during the recent 15 yr. This decline was associated with the coincident increase in BMI.
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In boys, the first external indicator of puberty onset occurs with testosterone-induced increase in testicular volume along with a change in the color and texture of the scrotal skin.
“In boys, milestones are more difficult to observe; the first external indicator of puberty onset occurs with testosterone-induced increase in testicular volume along with a change in the color and texture of the scrotal skin”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Sørensen et al., 2010
The data for boys is less clear but suggest a similar trend of smaller magnitude.
“The data for boys is less clear but suggest a similar trend of smaller magnitude”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Sørensen et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Sørensen, K., Aksglaede, L., Petersen, J. H., & Juul, A.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 263-270
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2012523959
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 22.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- pubertal timing, secular trends, male puberty, body mass index, luteinizing hormone, testicular volume, puberty onset, childhood obesity, NHANES III, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, delayed puberty
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Denmark, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Health, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Population Dynamics, Puberty, Body Mass Index, Adolescent Development, Young Adult
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