Evidence for geographical and racial variation in serum sex steroid levels in older men
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BACKGROUND: Despite considerable racial and geographical differences in human phenotypes and in the incidence of diseases that may be associated with sex steroid action, there are few data concerning variation in sex steroid levels among populations. We designed an international study to determine the degree to which geography and race influence sex steroid levels in older men. METHODS: Using mass spectrometry, concentrations of serum androgens, estrogens, and sex steroid precursors/metabolites were measured in 5003 older men from five countries. SHBG levels were assessed using radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: There was substantial geographical variation in the levels of sex steroids, precursors, and metabolites, as well as SHBG. For instance, Asian men in Hong Kong and Japan, but not in the United States, had levels of total testosterone approximately 20% higher than in other groups. Even greater variation was present in levels of estradiol, SHBG, and dihydrotestosterone. Group differences in body mass index did not explain most geographical differences. In addition, body mass index-independent racial differences were present; Black men had higher levels of estrogens (estradiol, estrone), and Asian men had lower levels of glucuronidated androgen metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: On a global scale, there are important geographical and racial differences in the concentrations of serum sex steroids and SHBG in older men.
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Obesity can be an important confounder when testosterone levels are compared across different ethnic groups.
“Obesity can be an important confounder when testosterone levels are compared across different ethnic groups.”
From Lowered testosterone in male obesity: Mechanisms, morbidity and management (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
Pre-adolescent and adolescent males showed genetic contribution rates of 52-66%, with the remaining percentage due to environmental factors.
“Pre-adolescent and adolescent males demonstrated genetic contribution rates of 52–66%, with the remaining percentage due to various environmental factors.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
Genetic heritability likely accounts for a significant portion of mean testosterone levels in a select population and of observed diurnal variations.
“Genetic heritability likely accounts for a significant portion of mean T levels in a select population as well as observed diurnal variations.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Orwoll, E. S., Nielson, C. M., Labrie, F., Barrett-Connor, E., Cauley, J. A., Cummings, S. R., Ensrud, K., Karlsson, M., Lau, E., Leung, P. C., Lunggren, O., Mellström, D., Patrick, A. L., Stefanick, M. L., Nakamura, K., Yoshimura, N., Zmuda, J., Vandenput, L., Ohlsson, C., & for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- San Francisco Coordinating Center (S.R.C.), San Francisco, California 94107;
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Uppsala (O.L.), 753 12 Uppsala, Sweden;
- University of Gothenburg (D.M., L.V., C.O.), 411 24 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Stanford University (US)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Orwoll, Eric S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-10-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- E151-E160
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC3050097
- OpenAlex
- W2155000335
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-18197, U01AG018197, U01AG027810, U01AG042140)
- National Cancer Institute (R25CA057703, R25CA57703, R01CA084950, R01 CA84950)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR45614, U01-AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01AR045583, U01 AR-45583, U01-AR-45654, U01AR045580, R01AR049747, U01AR045632, U01AR045654, U01AR045614, U01AR045647, U01AR066160, U01AR45580)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024140)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- sex steroids, serum testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, dihydrotestosterone, androgen metabolites, racial differences, regional variation, older men, Asian men, Black men, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Blood Chemical Analysis, Geography, Hong Kong, Humans, Japan, Male, Models, Biological, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Mass Spectrometry, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Cohort Studies, Racial Groups
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