Effects of Adding Exercise to a 16-Week Very Low-Calorie Diet in Obese, Insulin-Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
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CONTEXT: Reduction of 50% excess body weight, using a very low-calorie diet (VLCD; 450 kcal/d) improves insulin sensitivity in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether adding exercise to the VLCD has additional benefits. DESIGN: This was a randomized intervention study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a clinical research center in an academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Twenty-seven obese [body mass index 37.2 ± 0.9 kg/m(2) (mean ± sem)] insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. INTERVENTION: Patients followed a 16-wk VLCD. Thirteen of them simultaneously participated in an exercise program (E) consisting of 1-h, in-hospital training and four 30-min training sessions on a cycloergometer weekly. OUTCOME MEASURES: Insulin resistance was measured by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Insulin signaling, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, and intramyocellular lipid content was measured in skeletal muscle biopsies. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were identical in both groups. Substantial weight loss occurred (-23.7 ± 1.7 kg VLCD-only vs. -27.2 ± 1.9 kg VLCD+E, P = NS within groups). The exercise group lost more fat mass. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal increased similarly in both study groups [15.0 ± 0.9 to 39.2 ± 4.7 μmol/min(-1) · kg lean body mass (LBM(-1)) VLCD-only vs. 17.0 ± 1.0 to 37.5 ± 3.5 μmol/min(-1) · kg LBM(-1) in VLCD+E], as did phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B/AKT insulin signaling pathway. In contrast, skeletal muscle mtDNA content increased only in the VLCD+E group (1211 ± 185 to 2288 ± 358, arbitrary units, P = 0.016 vs. 1397 ± 240 to 1196 ± 179, P = NS, VLCD-only group). Maximum aerobic capacity also only increased significantly in the VLCD+E group (+6.6 ± 1.7 ml/min(-1) · kg LBM(-1) vs. +0.7 ± 1.5 ml/min(-1) · kg LBM(-1) VLCD-only, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Addition of exercise to a 16-wk VLCD induces more fat loss. Exercise augments maximum aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle mtDNA content. These changes are, however, not reflected in a higher insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate.
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The effects of caloric restriction on intramyocellular lipids are mixed, with studies reporting increases, decreases and no change.
“the effects of CR have been shown to be mixed, with studies reporting increases, decreases and no change [124–127].”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [126]
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- Authors
- Snel, M., Gastaldelli, A., Ouwens, D. M., Hesselink, M. K. C., Schaart, G., Buzzigoli, E., Frölich, M., Romijn, J. A., Pijl, H., Meinders, A. E., & Jazet, I. M.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Snel, Marieke
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2512-2520
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2133465355
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- very low calorie diet, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, weight loss, fat loss, skeletal muscle, mitochondrial DNA, intramyocellular lipid, insulin signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose disposal, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp
- MeSH terms
- Calorimetry, Indirect, Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Time Factors, Glucose Clamp Technique, Exercise, Caloric Restriction
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