New Avenues in the Regulation of Gallbladder Motility—Implications for the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide–Derived Drugs
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Several cases of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis have been reported in patients treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and GLP-2 receptor agonists (GLP-2RAs), respectively. Thus, the effects of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on gallbladder motility have been investigated. We have provided an overview of the mechanisms regulating gallbladder motility and highlight novel findings on the effects of bile acids and glucagon-like peptides on gallbladder motility. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The articles included in the present review were identified using electronic literature searches. The search results were narrowed to data reporting the effects of bile acids and GLPs on gallbladder motility. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Bile acids negate the effect of postprandial cholecystokinin-mediated gallbladder contraction. Two bile acid receptors seem to be involved in this feedback mechanism, the transmembrane Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and the nuclear farnesoid X receptor. Furthermore, activation of TGR5 in enteroendocrine L cells leads to release of GLP-1 and, possibly, GLP-2. Recent findings have pointed to the existence of a bile acid-TGR5-L cell-GLP-2 axis that serves to terminate meal-induced gallbladder contraction and thereby initiate gallbladder refilling. GLP-2 might play a dominant role in this axis by directly relaxing the gallbladder. Moreover, recent findings have suggested GLP-1RA treatment prolongs the refilling phase of the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-2 receptor activation in rodents acutely increases the volume of the gallbladder, which might explain the risk of gallbladder diseases associated with GLP-2RA treatment observed in humans. GLP-1RA-induced prolongation of human gallbladder refilling may explain the gallbladder events observed in GLP-1RA clinical trials.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
GLP-1 hinders gallbladder motility and postpones gallbladder evacuation by inhibiting cholecystokinin secretion.
“GLP-1 hinders gallbladder motility and postpones gallbladder evacuation by inhibiting cholecystokinin secretion [40-44].”
From Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The GLP-1 section reports reduced gallbladder emptying when a GLP-1 receptor agonist was given with intravenous CCK, and suggests that high-dose liraglutide may delay full contraction. It does not establish that GLP-1 inhibits CCK secretion; it proposes a delayed and prolonged CCK response, while noting that the mechanism remains unclear. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F. E., Nauck, M. A., Nissen, S. E., Pocock, S., Poulter, N. R., Ravn, L. S., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1603827 · Cited by 7,629 · see citing works
The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
Pi-Sunyer, X., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Halpern, A., Krempf, M., Lau, D. C. W., le Roux, C. W., Violante Ortiz, R., Jensen, C. B., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1411892 · Cited by 2,724 · see citing works
Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids
Makishima, M., Okamoto, A. Y., Repa, J. J., Tu, H., Learned, R. M., Luk, A., Hull, M. V., Lustig, K. D., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Shan, B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 · Cited by 2,714 · see citing works
Bile Acids: Natural Ligands for an Orphan Nuclear Receptor
Parks, D. J., Blanchard, S. G., Bledsoe, R. K., Chandra, G., Consler, T. G., Kliewer, S. A., Stimmel, J. B., Willson, T. M., Zavacki, A. M., Moore, D. D., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1365 · Cited by 2,274 · see citing works
TGR5-Mediated Bile Acid Sensing Controls Glucose Homeostasis
Thomas, C., Gioiello, A., Noriega, L., Strehle, A., Oury, J., Rizzo, G., Macchiarulo, A., Yamamoto, H., Mataki, C., Pruzanski, M., et al. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.001 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis
Inagaki, T., Choi, M., Moschetta, A., Peng, L., Cummins, C. L., McDonald, J. G., Luo, G., Jones, S. A., Goodwin, B., Richardson, J. A., et al. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.09.001 · Cited by 1,865 · see citing works
Endogenous Bile Acids Are Ligands for the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR
Wang, H., Chen, J., Hollister, K., Sowers, L. C., & Forman, B. M. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80348-2 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
A G Protein-coupled Receptor Responsive to Bile Acids
Kawamata, Y., Fujii, R., Hosoya, M., Harada, M., Yoshida, H., Miwa, M., Fukusumi, S., Habata, Y., Itoh, T., Shintani, Y., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209706200 · Cited by 1,628 · see citing works
Targeting bile‐acid signalling for metabolic diseases
Thomas, C., Pellicciari, R., Pruzanski, M., Auwerx, J., & Schoonjans, K. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2619 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
The mechanism of pancreatic secretion
Bayliss, W. M., & Starling, E. H. (1902) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000920 · Cited by 1,274 · see citing works
Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR)
Maruyama, T., Miyamoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Tamai, Y., Okada, H., Sugiyama, E., Nakamura, T., Itadani, H., & Tanaka, K. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02550-0 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Bile Acids: Chemistry, Pathochemistry, Biology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutics
Hofmann, A. F., & Hagey, L. R. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-008-7568-6 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Liddle, R. A., Goldfine, I. D., Rosen, M. S., Taplitz, R. A., & Williams, J. A. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111809 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
A HORMONE MECHANISM FOR GALL-BLADDER CONTRACTION AND EVACUATION
Ivy, A. C., & Oldberg, E. (1928) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1928.86.3.599 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Myant, N. B., & Mitropoulos, K. A. (1977) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41693-1 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Jeppesen, P. B., Pertkiewicz, M., Messing, B., Iyer, K., Seidner, D. L., O'keefe, S. J. D., Forbes, A., Heinze, H., & Joelsson, B. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.007 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease
Shapiro, H., Kolodziejczyk, A. A., Halstuch, D., & Elinav, E. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171965 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Beyond intestinal soap—bile acids in metabolic control
Kuipers, F., Bloks, V. W., & Groen, A. K. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.60 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Bile Acids as Hormones: The FXR-FGF15/19 Pathway
Kliewer, S. A., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2015) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000371670 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Lundåsen, T., Gälman, C., Angelin, B., & Rudling, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01731.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Clinical Utility of Bile Acid Sequestrants in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia: A Scientific Review
Insull, W. (2006) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000208120.73327.db · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Identification of a hormonal basis for gallbladder filling
Choi, M., Moschetta, A., Bookout, A., Peng, L., Umetani, M., Holmstrom, S. R., Suino-Powell, K., Xu, H. E., Richardson, J., Gerard, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1501 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The membrane-bound bile acid receptor TGR5 is localized in the epithelium of human gallbladders #
Keitel, V., Cupisti, K., Ullmer, C., Knoefel, W. T., Kubitz, R., & Häussinger, D. (2009) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.23032 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones
Zhou, H., & Hylemon, P. B. (2014) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.04.016 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Targeted deletion of Gpbar1 protects mice from cholesterol gallstone formation
Vassileva, G., Golovko, A., Markowitz, L., Abbondanzo, S. J., Zeng, M., Yang, S., Hoos, L. M., Tetzloff, G. G., Levitan, D. J., Murgolo, N., et al. (2006) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20060537 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor, TGR5, Stimulates Gallbladder Filling
Li, T., Holmstrom, S. R., Kır, S., Umetani, M., Schmidt, D. R., Kliewer, S. A., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2011) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2010-0460 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Cholecystokinin—From Local Gut Hormone to Ubiquitous Messenger
Rehfeld, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00047 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Halawi, H., Khemani, D., Eckert, D., O'Neill, J., Kadouh, H., Grothe, K., Clark, M. M., Burton, D. D., Vella, A., Acosta, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30285-6 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
TGR5 is essential for bile acid-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro
Reich, M., Deutschmann, K., Sommerfeld, A., Klindt, C., Kluge, S., Kubitz, R., Ullmer, C., Knoefel, W. T., Herebian, D. A., Mayatepek, E., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309458 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Enzymes in the Conversion of Cholesterol into Bile Acids
Norlin, M., & Wikvall, K. (2007) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652407780059168 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Gallbladder relaxation in patients with pigment and cholesterol stones
Chen, Q., Amaral, J., Oh, S., Biancani, P., & Behar, J. (1997) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70189-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals
Jorsal, T., Rhee, N. A., Pedersen, J., Wahlgren, C. D., Mortensen, B., Jepsen, S. L., Jelsing, J., Dalbøge, L. S., Vilmann, P., Hassan, H., et al. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4450-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationHousset, C., Chrétien, Y., Debray, D., & Chignard, N. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150050 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical Identification of the Cholecystokinin Cell in the Intestinal Mucosa
Buffa, R., Solcia, E., & Go, V. L. W. (1976) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(76)80490-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bile acids and their receptors
Martinot, E., Sèdes, L., Baptissart, M., Lobaccaro, J.-M., Caira, F., Beaudoin, C., & Volle, D. H. (2017) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.006 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
IDENTIFICATION OF CHOLECYSTOKININ-SECRETING CELLS
Polak, J. M., Bloom, S. R., Rayford, P. L., Pearse, A. G. E., Buchan, A. M. J., & Thompson, J. C. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90297-4 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Penney, N. C., Kinross, J. K., Newton, R. C., & Purkayastha, S. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.115 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
DISTRIBUTION OF ALCOHOL IN URINE AND SWEAT AFTER DRINKING
Pawan, G. L. S., & GRICE, K. A. (1968) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(68)91302-0 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Impairment of gallbladder emptying in diabetes mellitus
Stone, B. G., Gavaler, J. S., Belle, S. H., Shreiner, D. P., Peleman, R. R., Sarva, R. P., YINGVORAPANT, N., & Thiel, D. H. V. (1988) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(88)90307-1 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Lavoie, B. A., Balemba, O. B., Godfrey, C. B., Watson, C. A., Vassileva, G., Corvera, C. U., Nelson, M. T., & Mawe, G. M. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192146 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Malagelada, J., DiMagno, E. P., Summerskill, W. H. J., & Go, V. L. W. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108493 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gallbladder motility in cholesterol gallstone disease
Festi, D., Frabboni, R., Bazzoli, F., Sangermano, A., Ronchi, M., Rossi, L., Parini, P., Orsini, M., Primerano, A. M., Mazzella, G., et al. (1990) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)90487-l · Cited by 118 · see citing works
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SOME NEWS ON PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING IN PORTUGAL AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
Labocha, M. K., Jung, S.-K., Aleman-Meza, B., et al. (2015) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Regulation of the release of cholecystokinin by bile salts in dogs and humans
Gomez, G. A., Upp, J. R., Lluı́s, F., Alexander, R. W., Poston, G. J., Greeley, G. H., & Thompson, J. C. (1988) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(88)90564-1 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Malagelada, J. R., Go, V. L. W., DiMagno, E. P., & Summerskill, W. H. J. (1973) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci107400 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
THE CONCENTRATING ACTIVITY OF THE GALL BLADDER
Rous, P., & McMaster, P. D. (1921) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.34.1.47 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of Somatostatin on Gallbladder Emptying
Fisher, R. S., Rock, E., Levin, G. B., & Malmud, L. S. (1987) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90961-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Briere, D. A., Ruan, X., Cheng, C., Siesky, A. M., Fitch, T. E., Dominguez, C., Sanfeliciano, S. G., Montero, C., Suen, C. S., Xu, Y., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136873 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Smooth muscle function and dysfunction in gallbladder disease
Portincasa, P., Ciaula, A. D., & vanBerge-Henegouwen, G. (2004) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-004-0043-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sonne, D. P., Rehfeld, J. F., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0309 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationConcentrating function of the gallbladder
Wheeler, H. O. (1971) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(71)90283-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Knop, F. K. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00137.2010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic potential of T akeda‐ G ‐protein‐receptor‐5 ( TGR5 ) agonists. H ope or hype?
Hodge, R. J., & Nunez, D. J. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12636 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Yusta, B., Matthews, D., Flock, G. B., Ussher, J. R., Lavoie, B. A., Mawe, G. M., & Drucker, D. J. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.006 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Lasalle, M., Hoguet, V., Hennuyer, N., Leroux, F., Piveteau, C., Belloy, L., Lestavel, S., Vallez, E., Dorchies, E., Duplan, I., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01873 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effect of exenatide on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying in fasting healthy subjects
Keller, J., Trautmann, M. E., Haber, H., Tham, L. S., Hunt, T., Mace, K., & Linnebjerg, H. (2012) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2012.08.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Smits, M. M., Tonneijck, L., Muskiet, M. H. A., Hoekstra, T., Kramer, M. H. H., Diamant, M., Nieuwdorp, M., Groen, A. K., Cahen, D. L., & van Raalte, D. H. (2016) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12748 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
van Erpecum, K. J., Henegouwen, G. P. V. B., Stolk, M. F. J., Hopman, W. P. M., Jansen, J. B. �. �., & Lamers, C. B. H. W. (1990) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)90977-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bile Acid Sequestrants: Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms and Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes
Hansen, M., Sonne, D. P., & Knop, F. K. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0482-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPineda, O., Maydón, H., Amado, M., Sepúlveda, E. M., Guilbert, L., Espinosa, O., & Zerrweck, C. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2264-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gallbladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus
Shaw, S. J., Hajnal, F., Lebovitz, Y., Ralls, P. W., Bauer, M., Valenzuela, J. E., & Zeidler, A. (1993) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01316504 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of cholestyramine on gallbladder and gastric emptying in obese and lean subjects
Portincasa, P., Ciaula, A. D., Palmieri, V. O., Henegouwen, G. P. V. B., & Palasciano, G. (1995) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01953.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nexøe‐Larsen, C. C., Sørensen, P. H., Hausner, H., Agersnap, M., Baekdal, M., Brønden, A., Gustafsson, L. N., Sonne, D. P., Vedtofte, L., Vilsbøll, T., et al. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13420 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationInnervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract
Balemba, O. B., Salter, M. J., & Mawe, G. M. (2004) · The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1002/ar.a.20089 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Structure and chemical coding of human, canine and opossum gallbladder ganglia
Talmage, E. K., Pouliot, W. A., Schemann, M., & Mawe, G. M. (1996) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s004410050589 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Montilla, S., Marchesini, G., Sammarco, A., Trotta, M. P., Siviero, P. D., Tomino, C., Melchiorri, D., & Pani, L. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.07.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Suzuki, S., Takiguchi, S., Sato, N., Kanai, S., Kawanami, T., Yoshida, Y., Miyasaka, K., Takata, Y., Funakoshi, A., & Noda, T. (2001) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.51.585 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Role of Neurotensin in Human Gallbladder Motility
WALKER, J. P., Khalil, T., WIENER, I., Fagan, C. J., Townsend, C. M., Greeley, G. H., & Thompson, J. C. (1985) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-198506000-00002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Postprandial control of gallbladder contraction and exocrine pancreatic secretion in man
Beglinger, C., Hildebrand, P., Adler, G., WERTH, B., LUO, H., Delcò, F., & Gyr, K. E. (1992) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01453.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nitric oxide synthase in neurons of the human gall‐bladder and its colocalization with neuropeptides
Uemura, S., Pompolo, S., Furness, J. B., & Hardy, K. J. (1997) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00418.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Hormone Mechanism for Gall-Bladder Contraction, and Evacuation
Ivy, A. C. (1931) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-193107000-00028 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Xu, Q., Freedman, S., & Shaffer, E. (1997) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70053-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Donovan, J. M., von Bergmann, K., Setchell, K. D. R., Isaacsohn, J., Pappu, A. S., Illingworth, D. R., Olson, T., & Burke, S. K. (2005) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-005-2765-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2), An Intestinotrophic Mediator
Thulesen, J. (2004) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/1389203043486946 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Biliary Issues in the Bariatric Population
Grover, B. T., & Kothari, S. N. (2014) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2014.01.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Portincasa, P., Peeters, Berge‐Henegouwen, V., van Solinge, W. W., Palasciano, & Erpecum, V. (2000) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2000.00217.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pizzimenti, V., Giandalia, A., Cucinotta, D., Russo, G. T., Smits, M., Cutroneo, P. M., & Trifirò, G. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12373 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
4-Benzofuranyloxynicotinamide derivatives are novel potent and orally available TGR5 agonists
Zou, Q., Duan, H., Ning, M., Liu, J., Feng, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, J., Leng, Y., & Shen, J. (2014) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.031 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Opposite effects of cholestyramine and loxiglumide on gallbladder dynamics in humans
Palasciano, G., Portincasa, P., Belfiore, A., Baldassarre, G., & Albano, O. (1992) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(92)90113-d · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Role of bile acids in the control of pancreatic secretion and CCK release
Koop, I. (1990) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01778.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Morales, S., Camello, P. J., Mawe, G. M., & Pozo, M. J. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Down-regulation of pancreatic growth and gallbladder contractility by bile salts
Gomez, G., Townsend, C. M., Maani, R., Singh, P., Greeley, G. H., & Thompson, J. C. (1989) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/0002-9610(89)90414-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shaddinger, B. C., Young, M. A., Billiard, J., Collins, D. A., Hussaini, A., & Nino, A. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.940 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gilloteaux, J., Karkare, S., Don, A. Q., & Sexton, R. C. (1997) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971001)39:1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Singh, P., Gomez, G. A., Rajaraman, S., & Thompson, J. C. (1989) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01540263 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of ileal bile salts on fasting small intestinal and gallbladder motility
Ooteghem, N. A., Samsom, M., van Erpecum, K. J., & Henegouwen, G. P. V. B. (2002) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2002.00356.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ooteghem, N. A., Moschetta, A., Rehfeld, J. F., Samsom, M., van Erpecum, K. J., & Henegouwen, G. P. V. B. (2002) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.50.5.669 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Al-Jiffry, B. O., Toouli, J., & Saccone, G. T. P. (2002) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02699.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thimister, P., Hopman, W. P. M., Tangerman, A., Rosenbusch, G., Willems, H. L., & Jansen, J. B. �. �. (1998) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510280602 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of bile salts on in vitro gallbladder motility: preliminary study.
Stolk, M. F. J., van de Heijning, B. J., van Erpecum, K. J., Verheem, A., Akkermans, L. M. A., & Henegouwen, G. P. V. B. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kline, L., & Pang, P. K. T. (1997) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(97)01036-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bile salt-dependent inhibition of gallbladder emptying
Lin, H. C., Zhao, X. T., Kwok, G., Gu, Y. G., & ELASHOFF, J. D. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.6.g988 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neubrand, M. W., Domínguez‐Muñoz, J. E., Reichel, C., Kampmann, S., Eschmann, K., Falkenhausen, M. V., Bregulla, M., Malfertheiner, P., & Sauerbruch, T. (2004) · Digestion · doi:10.1159/000078153 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) on Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion and Gallbladder Emptying
Lanzini, A., Hall, N., Facchinetti, D., & Northfield, T. C. (1990) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/00006676-199003000-00002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Possible mechanisms of spasmolytic action of bile salts on the isolated guinea-pig gallbladder.
Sunagane, N., KOBORI, T., Uruno, T., & Kubota, K. (1990) · Japanese Journal of Smooth Muscle Research · doi:10.1540/jsmr1965.26.143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gether, I. M. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.6726839 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [23]23. Ivy AC, Oldberg E. A hormone mechanism for gallbladder con- traction and evacuation. Am J Physiol. 1928;86:559-613.
- [31]31. Mawe GM, Talmage EK, Cornbrooks EB, Gokin AP, Zhang L, Jennings LJ. Innervation of the gallbladder: structure, neuro- chemical coding, and physiological properties of guinea pig gall- bladder ganglia. Microsc Res Tech. 1997;39(1):1-13.
- [42]42. Myant NB, Mitropoulos KA. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Lipid Res. 1977;18(2):135-153.
- [84]84. Hodge RJ, Nunez DJ. Therapeutic potential of Takeda-G-protein- receptor-5 (TGR5). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;5:439-443.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
He, L., Wang, J., Ping, F., Yang, N., Huang, J., Li, Y., Xu, L., Li, W., & Zhang, H. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0338 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work
Andreasen, C. R., Andersen, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2021) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0130 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationNauck, M. A., Muus Ghorbani, M. L., Kreiner, E., Saevereid, H. A., Buse, J. B., & the LEADER Publication Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0415 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Jalleh, R. J., Marathe, C. S., Rayner, C. K., Jones, K. L., Umapathysivam, M. M., Wu, T., Quast, D. R., Plummer, M. P., Nauck, M. A., & Horowitz, M. (2024) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqae155 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Exploring the Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: To Ensure Its Optimal Positioning
Kim, J. A., & Yoo, H. J. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0242 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Abdelmalek, M. F., Harrison, S. A., & Sanyal, A. J. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15524 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy in diabetes
Marathe, C. S., Jones, K. L., Wu, T., Rayner, C. K., & Horowitz, M. (2020) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102718 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Andreasen, C. R., Andersen, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14500 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRamírez-Mejía, M. M., Ponciano‐Rodríguez, G., Eslam, M., & Méndez-Sánchez, N. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188251406456 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fuchs, S., Yusta, B., Baggio, L. L., Varin, E. M., Matthews, D., & Drucker, D. J. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.136907 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The bile–gut axis and metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy
Lange, A. H., Pedersen, M. G., Ellegaard, A., Nerild, H. H., Brønden, A., Sonne, D. P., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae034 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationHansen, N. L., Brønden, A., Nexøe-Larsen, C., Christensen, A. S., Sonne, D. P., Rehfeld, J. F., Albretchsen, N. J. W., Hartmann, B., Vilsbøll, T., Holst, J. J., et al. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000257 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe current significance and prospects for the use of dual receptor agonism GLP-1/Glucagon
Spezani, R., & Mandarim-de-Lacerda, C. A. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120188 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gallstones after bariatric surgery: mechanisms and prophylaxis
Chen, S., Zheng, Y., Cai, J., Wu, Y., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2025.1506780 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dong, Y., Wu, J., Chang, C., Lin, J., Wu, L., & Toh, S. (2022) · Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2688 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nerild, H. H., Brønden, A., Gether, I. M., Hellmann, P. H., Baekdal, M., Gillum, M. P., Svenningsen, J. S., Hartmann, B., Rathor, N., Angelene, H., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationMsane, S., Khathi, A., & Sosibo, A. M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162692 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kårhus, M. L., Sonne, D. P., THOMASEN, M. L., Ellegaard, A., Holst, J. J., Rehfeld, J. F., Chávez‐Talavera, O., Tailleux, A., Staels, B., Nielsen, D. S., et al. (2022) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2021.12.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationGameil, M. A., Yousef, E. A. A. M., Marzouk, R. E., Emara, M., Abdelkader, A. H., & Salama, R. I. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01526-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Non-genomic actions of steroid hormones on the contractility of non-vascular smooth muscles
Mohammed, S. G., Mirdamadi, M., Szűcs, K. F., & Gáspár, R. (2024) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116063 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ko, H. Y., Bea, S., Yoon, D., Hong, B., Bae, J. H., Cho, Y. M., & Shin, J. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101242 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lanng, A. R., Gasbjerg, L. S., Bergmann, N. C., Gillum, M. P., Rehfeld, J. F., Helsted, M. M., Møller, H. J., Grønbæk, H., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2020) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.04.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSemaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Narrative Review
Zacharia, G. S., Gongati, S., Kharel, A., & Jacob, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.95632 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shapiro, S. B., Yin, H., Yu, O. H. Y., & Azoulay, L. (2024) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-024-01434-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal disorders in diabetes
Marathe, C. S., Rayner, C. K., Wu, T., Jones, K. L., & Horowitz, M. (2020) · MDText.com, Inc. eBooks · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00924-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lange, A. H., Hansen, N. L., Pedersen, M. G., Nerild, H. H., Rehfeld, J. F., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Ellegaard, A., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae421 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationEllegaard, A., Kårhus, M. L., Winther‐Jensen, M., Lund, A., & Knop, F. K. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000815 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationColesevelam has no acute effect on postprandial GLP-1 levels but abolishes gallbladder refilling
Gether, I. M., Bahne, E., Nerild, H. H., Rehfeld, J. F., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., Sonne, D. P., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae033 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z.-Q., Zhang, J., Tang, X., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111882 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Goto, Y., Masumoto, K., Jimbo, T., Sasaki, T., Tanaka, Y., & Shirane, K. (2024) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11159 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zheng, J., Wang, Y., He, J., Zhao, J., & Su, L. (2024) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-24-0404 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spexin expression in the human bile duct and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Huber, S., Fitzner, T., Feichtinger, R. G., Kraus, T. F. J., Gaisbauer, S., Hochmann, S., Sotlar, K., Kofler, B., & Varga, M. (2025) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171405 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Facciorusso, A., Giannini, E. G., Tacelli, M., Zanetto, A., Spada, C., Boskoski, I., Furnari, M., Pennisi, G., Capurso, G., Vitello, A., et al. (2026) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2026.02.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pharmacogenetics of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Самойлова, Ю. Г., Stankova, A. E., Матвеева, М. В., Ваизова, О. Е., Подчиненова, Д. В., Kudlay, D. A., Filippova, T. A., & Романович, Г. И. (2023) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed20232612195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evolution and therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide 2 analogs
Binbin, G., Wang, T., & Sun, L. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116758 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies, consequences and prospects of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists
Bobok, N. M. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.21.3.2025.1544 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Possible dulaglutide-associated cholecystitis with safe continuation post cholecystectomy
Butler, J., Bjurstrom, M., & Marceau, A. (2021) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab045 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gether, I. M., Andersen, E. S., Foghsgaard, S., Ellegaard, A., Kelstrup, L., Sonne, D. P., Brønden, A., Gillum, M. P., Holst, J. J., Hartmann, B., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationQi, Z., Kirk, T. V., Wu, P., & Chen, X. D. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145374 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The physiologic and psychologic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
Bradwisch, S. A., Smith, E. M., Wilson-Mooney, C., & Donahue-Stathis, C. (2025) · Nursing · doi:10.1097/nsg.0000000000000223
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21383027
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21383030
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21383036
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21383024
Yu, M., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lv, Y., Xiang, L., Zhao, S., & Li, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21383033
Case study on adverse reactions of dulaglutide: literature review
Zhou, Y., & Jiang, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1736083
Wahaibi, A. A., Lawati, A. A., Hinai, M. A., Hadhrami, A. A., AlRuheili, I., AlMusallami, M. S., Lawati, H. A., & Das, S. (2026) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0113895575423784251206060716
Jiang, Y., Han, G., Zhang, Z., Hu, S., & Mu, M. (2026) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70144
The non-surgical therapy of uncomplicated gallbladder stones: is there a niche?
Sauerbruch, T., & Lammert, F. (2026) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2026.2656233
GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND THE RISK OF CHOLELITHIASIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Pająk, J., Kamosińska, A., Majda, A., Sitko, N., Makowska, P., Gontarczyk, J., Laske, A., Sowa, M., Kucharski, K., Kowal, A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.5421
АГОНІСТИ РЕЦЕПТОРІВ ГПП-1: ПЕРЕВАГИ ТА РИЗИКИ
Doroshkevych, I. O., Vlasenkо, М. V., Жамба, А. О., Semenenko, S., & Palamarchuk, A. V. (2026) · PROBLEMS OF ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY · doi:10.21856/j-pep.2026.2.05
Ukkonen, M. T., Kivivuori, A., Starckjohann, P., Lammi, P., Junttila, A., & Panula, V. J. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71087
Biliary Events and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Adolescents and Young Adults
Filho, J. R. D. O., Papadakis, L., Collins, R. A., Shnawa, G. N., & Griggs, C. L. (2026) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3918
The Dark Side of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Risks and Adverse Events
Nawal, C. L., Saini, H. L., Rankawat, G., & Chejara, R. S. (2026) · Journal of the Association of Physicians of India · doi:10.59556/japi.74.1655
Yan, Y., Xu, M., Lu, S., Liang, Z., & Shen, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11029518/v1
- Authors
- Gether, I. M., Nexøe-Larsen, C., & Knop, F. K.
- Affiliations
- Gentofte Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Knop, Filip K
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2018-08-20
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2463-2472
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2888209486
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Eli Lilly and Company
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3.F CMP)
- Gentofte Hospital
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF11OC1014545)
- Norgine
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gallbladder motility, GLP-1 receptor agonists, bile acids, TGR5, farnesoid X receptor, cholecystokinin, gallbladder contraction, enteroendocrine L cells, gallstones, cholecystitis
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Bile Acids and Salts, Cholecystitis, Cholecystokinin, Cholelithiasis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucagon-Like Peptides, Gallbladder, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Muscle, Smooth, Obesity, Gallbladder Emptying, Postprandial Period, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucagon-Like Peptide 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
