THE CAUSE OF PHYSIOLOGIC BASAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN WOMEN*
Abstract
THE clinical application of basal temperature changes in the study of ovarian function has met with wide acceptance since the publications of Tompkins (1), Davis (2) and others (3, 4, 5). This simple physiologic phenomenon has provided a much-needed tool for the interpretation of normal and abnormal ovarian activity. The mechanism for these temperature fluctuations has not been elucidated. The following observations were carried out in an attempt to throw additional light on this subject. In the past three years well over 1000 temperature graphs have accumulated in the study of sterility and other endocrine disorders, as well as in a large group of normal individuals who were used as controls. These graphs have been prepared by the patients themselves after careful instructions on how to keep a basal temperature record. Oral temperatures have been used throughout, since it has been demonstrated that the pattern is similar to rectal temperatures and that the latter provide no greater degree of accuracy. Most patients have obtained readings over a period of three or four months but many have kept a continuous graph for a year or longer.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If pregnancy ensues, core body temperature is maintained at the luteal-phase level throughout the life of the corpus luteum.
“If pregnancy ensues, core body temperature is maintained at the level of the luteal phase throughout the life of the corpus luteum [62]”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
The thermogenic action of progesterone was shown in early studies in which progesterone was administered to men or to women with anovulatory cycles or amenorrhea, or in the follicular phase or luteal phase, or post-menopause.
“The thermogenic action of progesterone was shown in early studies in which progesterone was administered to men [98] (Figure 3) or to women with anovulatory cycles or amenorrhea, or in the follicular phase or luteal phase, or post-menopause [62,63,99].”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
Cites
STUDIES ON REPRODUCTION IN THE MONKEY AND THEIR BEARING ON GYNECOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY1
Hartman, C. G. (1939) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-25-5-670 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rw, N., Hertig, A. T., & Rock, J. A. (1950) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)30062-0 · Cited by 2,854 · see citing works
Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Performance
de Jonge, X. J. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333110-00004 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones in Women during Spontaneous and Induced Ovulatory Cycles
ROSS, G. T., Cargille, C. M., LIPSETT, M. B., Rayford, P. L., Marshall, J. R., Strott, C. A., & Rodbard, D. (1970) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571126-5.50005-4 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle
Baker, F. C., Siboza, F., & Fuller, A. (2020) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2020.1735927 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
ROTHCHILD, I. (1966) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60383-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Compounds interfering with ovum implantation and development
Morris, J. M., & WAGENEN, G. V. (1966) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(66)90676-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Body Temperature Variations in Dairy Cattle during the Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy
Wrenn, T. R., Bitman, J., & Sykes, J. F. (1958) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(58)91053-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Esophageal temperature threshold for sweating decreases before ovulation in premenopausal women
Stephenson, L. A., Kolka, M. A., & Luca), (. T. T. A. O. J. D. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.22 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Marrone, B. L., Thomas Gentry, R., & Wade, G. N. (1976) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(76)90101-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Modification of active cutaneous vasodilation by oral contraceptive hormones
Charkoudian, N., & Johnson, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2012 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Coyne, M. D., Kesick, C. M., Doherty, T. J., Kolka, M. A., & Stephenson, L. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1316 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
URINARY EXCRETION OF ŒSTROGENS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Brown, J. B. (1955) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90060-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Effect of luteal phase elevation in core temperature on forearm blood flow during exercise
Kolka, M. A., & Stephenson, L. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1079 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Estrus- and steroid-induced changes in circadian rhythms in a diurnal rodent, Octodon degus
Labyak, S. E., & Lee, T. M. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)00096-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Systemic changes during the menstrual cycle
Southam, A. L., & Gonzaga, F. (1965) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(65)90601-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Time relationships between basal body temperature and ovulation or plasma progestins
de Mouzon, J., Testart, J., Lefevre, B., Pouly, J.-L., & Frydman, R. (1984) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47600-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Buxton, C. L., & Engle, E. T. (1950) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of human menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory vasodilation during exercise
Hirata, K., Nagasaka, T., Hirai, A., Hirashita, M., 高畑, 俊., & Nunomura, T. (1986) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00943341 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Systemic Plasma Progesterone Levels During the Human Menstrual Cycle
Forbes, T. R. (1950) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)39055-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Buxton, C. L., & Engle, E. T. (1950) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(50)90426-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Forman, R. G., Eychenne, B., Nessmann, C., Frydman, R., & Röbel, P. (1989) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60496-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rosenfeld, D., & García, C.-R. (1976) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42192-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Monophasic basal body temperature in ovulatory menstrual cycles
Johansson, E. D. B., Larsson‐Cohn, U., & GEMZELL, C. A. (1972) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(72)90659-x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cyclic Fluctuations of the Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Tension during the Normal Menstrual Cycle
Goodland, R. L., & Pommerenke, W. T. (1952) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)31023-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Resetting the Thermoregulatory Set‐Point by Endogenous Estradiol or Progesterone in Women
Kolka, M. A., & Stephenson, L. A. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51694.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sensory nerves and nitric oxide contribute to reflex cutaneous vasodilation in humans
Wong, B. J. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00464.2012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Clark, W. G., & Clark, Y. L. (1981) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(81)90039-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Aufwachtemperatur und Ovarialfunktion
Ober, K. G. (1952) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01472047 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
SEXUAL CYCLE, TIME OF OVULATION, AND TIME OF OPTIMAL FERTILITY IN WOMEN
Bergman, P. (1950) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016345009154934 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Basal Body Temperature
Siegler, S. L., & Siegler, A. M. (1951) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)30600-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
OVARIAN ACTIVITY FOLLOWING HYSTERECTOMY
Whttelaw, R. G. (1958) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1958.tb08586.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
BASAL TEMPERATURE STUDIES IN THE AGED FEMALE: INFLUENCE OF ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, AND ANDROGEN
MAGALLON, D. T., & Masters, W. H. (1950) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-10-5-511 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Czaja, J. A., & Butera, P. C. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90339-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Die vegetative Steuerung des Cyclus
Artner, J. (1954) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/bf00976108 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thermogenic alterations in the woman
Zuspan, F. P., & Rao, P. (1974) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33741-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pan, S., & Laubach, G. D. (1964) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3034-4.50014-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
LEYENDECKER, G., Hinckers, K., Nocke, W., & Plotz, E. J. (1975) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/bf00672283 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of progesterone on thermosensitive neurons in preoptic slice preparations
Tsai, C. L., Matsumura, K., & Nakayama, T. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90182-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Young, J. (1975) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03326834 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thermogenic Properties of Steroids
Kappas, A., & Palmer, R. H. (1965) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3035-1.50007-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION IN NORMAL WOMEN*
Rogers, J., & Sturgis, S. H. (1950) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-10-1-89 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Interaction of menstrual cycle phase, clothing resistance and exercise on thermoregulation in women
Kolka, M. A., & Stephenson, L. A. (1997) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4565(97)00003-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Steroid Fever And Inflammation
Glickman, P. B. (1964) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1964.03860070092009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hormonal Control of the Basal Body Temperature Pattern
Whitelaw, M. J. (1952) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)30904-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A new method to detect significant basal body temperature changes during a woman's menstrual cycle
Freundl, G., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Brown, S., & Blackwell, L. F. (2014) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.948612 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chen, W., Kitazawa, M., & Togawa, T. (2009) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-009-9746-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Diurnal variation of heat intake in ovariectomized, steroid-treated rats.
Carlisle, H., Wilkinson, C. W., Laudenslager, M. L., & Keith, L. (1979) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0018-506x(79)90006-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS IN GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
Benjamin, F. (1960) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1960.tb06977.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Thermogenic alterations in the woman
Zuspan, K. J., & Zuspan, F. P. (1974) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(74)90618-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kupperman, H. S., & Goodman, S. J. (1953) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(53)90023-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sex hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex
Howard, E., & Migeon, C. J. (1962) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88385-9_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Comparison of Progesterone Preparations in Secondary Amenorrhea
Frank, R. T., & Guterman, H. S. (1954) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)31687-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Understanding wrist skin temperature changes to hormone variations across the menstrual cycle
Lin, G. E., Li, J. Y., Christofferson, K., Patel, S., Truong, K. N., & Mariakakis, A. T. (2024) · npj Women s Health · doi:10.1038/s44294-024-00037-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wilbrand, U. (1951) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/bf00667020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cyclic Variation of Body Temperature in Female Rabbits before and after Ovariectomy
Kihlström, J. E., & Lundberg, C. (1971) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb04967.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lokale und zentrale Wirkungen neuer Gestagene
Artner, J., & Kratochwil, A. (1960) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/bf00669887 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Allende, I. L. C. (1956) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000980207 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Der Einfluss des Testosterons auf den Progesteronstoffwechsel
Kaiser, R. (1954) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01467090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
�ber den Vitamin C-Test zur Bestimmung der Ovulation
Schafroth, H. J. (1956) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/bf01007056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ovulation and the serum protein changes during ovulation in Presbytis entellus entellus dufresne
David, G. F. X., & Rao, C. A. P. (1969) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(69)90029-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Der Anteil des Progesterons an der Steuerung der inkretorischen und generativen Ovarialfunktion
Buchholz, R. (1969) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00826-3_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
YALÇIN, S., Bağış, Y. E., Yerlikaya, G., & Beyleroğlu, M. (2023) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1224750 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Untersuchungen über die vegetative Wirkung bestimmter Steroidhormone
Wagner, H. (1958) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-87014-9_38 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Physiologische Grundlagen der Natürlichen Familienplanung
Raith-Paula, E., & Frank‐Herrmann, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59311-0_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Die physiologische Rolle des Progesterons
Boschann, H. W., & Jochle, W. (1969) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00826-3_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RECENT TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF INFERTILITY
Davis, M. E. (1952) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb39958.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationObjective evaluation of cutaneous thermal sensivity
Vanbeaumont, W. (1972) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Physiologische Grundlagen der Natürlichen Familienplanung
Raith-Paula, E., Frank‐Herrmann, P., Freundl, G., & Strowitzki, T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29784-7_3
Temperaturmessungen bei einigen Laboratoriumstieren in Zusammenhang mit dem Follikelsprung
Ammon, R., & Schmidt, H. (1960) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86241-0_41
Temperature and heat flow variations during the menstrual cycle: Breasts and extremeties
May, J. A., Smith, R. E., & Hanson, F. W. (1981) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/0306-4565(81)90051-6
Wirkungen der Gestagene auf den Stoffwechsel
Gibian, H., & Unger, R. (1968) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99941-3_4
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Amenorrhea
Goldberg, M. B., LISSER, H., Arrick, M. S., Craig, L. S., Nyda, M. J., Bentinck, R. C., Fuerstner, P. G., & Reiss, R. S. (1952) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.1952.11708051
The Clinical Pharmacology of Oestrogens and Progestagens
Hawkins, D. F., & Elder, M. G. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-00127-5.50006-4
Postural vasoconstriction in the human foot
Mohammad, H. (1988) · Spiral (Imperial College London)
Fertility in Women—Ovogenesis and Ovulation
Pincus, G. (1965) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3291-1.50015-6
Repeated Exercise in Heat and Exertional Alterations to Thermoregulation (REHEAT)
Anderson, C. A. J. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.135793
Physiologische Grundlagen der Natürlichen Familienplanung
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73441-3_3
Progesterone: Thermogenic Effect
Rai, A. K., Singh, A. K., & Neelabh (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_245-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- DAVIS, M. E., & FUGO, N. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1948-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 550-563
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2024325797
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 16.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- basal body temperature, menstrual cycle, ovarian function, temperature fluctuations, oral temperature, rectal temperature, fertility, endocrine disorders, women
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Female, Humans, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
