Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men
Abstract
In both men and women, a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) is a major symptom of hypogonadism. Although the effects of estrogens on osteoporosis in women are well documented, comparatively little is known about the effects of long term testosterone substitution on BMD in hypogonadal men. Therefore, we studied BMD in 72 hypogonadal patients (37 men with primary and 35 men with secondary hypogonadism) under testosterone substitution therapy that continued for up to 16 yr. Thirty-two of these men were also seen before initiation of therapy. At annual intervals, trabecular BMD of the lumbar spine was measured by quantitative computed tomography, a true volumetric and reproducible method for long term serial BMD measurements. Serum levels of testosterone increased to the normal range in all androgen-treated hypogonadal men. The most significant increase in BMD was seen during the first year of testosterone treatment in previously untreated patients, when BMD increased from 95.2 ± 5.9 to 120.0 ± 6.1 mg/cm3 hydroxyapatite (mean ± se). Long term testosterone treatment maintained BMD in the age-dependent reference range in all 72 hypogonadal men, independent of the type of hypogonadism. Transdermal testosterone patches applied to the scrotum were as effective in normalizing BMD as im testosterone enanthate injections. In summary, testosterone therapy increases BMD in hypogonadal men regardless of age. The greatest increase is seen during the first year of treatment in previously untreated patients with low initial BMD. In hypogonadal men, BMD can be normalized and maintained in the normal range by continuous, long term testosterone substitution.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Testosterone replacement increases bone mineral density and improves trabecular structure and bone mechanical properties.
“Treatment increases BMD (132-135) and improves trabecular structure (136) and bone mechanical properties (137).”
From Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [135]
Testosterone replacement increases libido, sexual motivation and sexual function, mood, sense of well-being, concentration, self-reported sense of energy, muscle mass and strength, and recovery of anemia related to testosterone deficiency.
“T replacement increases libido, sexual motivation and sexual function (134,135,138-143), mood (144), sense of well being, concentration (135,139,143,145-147), self-reported sense of energy (134,135), muscle mass and strength (132,148,149), and the recovery of anemia related to T deficiency (134).”
From Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [135]
The Abstract and Discussion report increased bone mineral density in hypogonadal men, not the sexual, psychological, muscular, or anemia-related outcomes in the claim. Searches for muscle strength and the other claimed outcomes found no passage reporting those effects; muscle mass and strength appear only in the title of another study in the References. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredT therapy in males with central hypogonadism reduces fat mass and increases fat-free mass.
“T therapy in males with central hypogonadism reduces fat mass and increases fat-free mass (132,135,140,148,149).”
From Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [135]
The Patients section includes men with secondary hypogonadism, but the study measures bone mineral density, not changes in body composition. The Results and Discussion report increased bone mineral density with therapy; searches for fat mass, fat-free mass, and body composition found no passage supporting the claimed effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man
Smith, E. P., Boyd, J., Frank, G. R., Takahashi, H., Cohen, R. M., Specker, B., Williams, T. C., Lubahn, D. B., & Korach, K. S. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199410203311604 · Cited by 2,471 · see citing works
Morishima, A., Grumbach, M. M., Simpson, E. R., Fisher, C., & Qin, K. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530621 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Gray, A., Feldman, H. A., McKinlay, J. B., & Longcope, C. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-73-5-1016 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Khosla, S., Amin, S., & ORWOLL, E. S. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0002 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Fractures in Older Women
Cauley, J. A., Seeley, D. G., Ensrud, K. E., Ettinger, B., Black, D., & Cummings, S. R. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00002 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Turner, R. T., Riggs, B. L., & Spelsberg, T. C. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-15-3-275 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men
Seeman, E., Melton, L. J., O’Fallon, W. M., & Riggs, B. L. (1983) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90878-1 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
The Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy on Bone Density in Elderly Women
Felson, D. T., Zhang, Y., Hannan, M. T., Kiel, D. P., Wilson, P. W. F., & Anderson, J. J. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199310143291601 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Precise Measurement of Vertebral Mineral Content Using Computed Tomography
Cann, C. E., & Genant, H. K. (1980) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198008000-00018 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Lau, E. M. C. (2005) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812701220_0001 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Cooper, C., & Melton, L. J. (1992) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/1043-2760(92)90032-v · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk
Cann, C. E., Genant, H. K., Kolb, F. O., et al. (1985) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(85)90399-0 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Quantitative CT for determination of bone mineral density: a review.
Cann, C. E. (1988) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.166.2.3275985 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Increases in Bone Density During Treatment of Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism*
Finkelstein, J. S., Klibanski, A., Neer, R. M., Doppelt, S. H., Rosenthal, D. I., Segre, G. V., & Crowley, W. F. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-69-4-776 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
ORWOLL, E. S., & Klein, R. F. (1995) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-16-1-87 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Nieschlag, E. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545221 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent Status and Future Prospects
Wood, C. E., Baker, G., & Trounson, A. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3317-9_2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Ageing of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary- Testicular Axis in Men
Vermeulen, A., & Kaufman, J. M. (2008) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000184233 · Cited by 265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The biological action of testosterone on bone is of high clinical and socioeconomic relevance, as the prevalence of hypogonadism increases significantly in elderly men and exceeds 20% in men over 60 (4, 5 ). Along with lower testosterone levels a clear decrease in BMD (6, 7) and an increase in hip and spine fractures…”
ResultWang, C., Eyre, D. R., Clark, R. V., Kleinberg, D. L., Newman, C. B., Iranmanesh, A., Veldhuis, J. D., Dudley, R. E., Berman, N., Davidson, T., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.10.3654 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Turner, R. T. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.15.3.275 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Kalender, W. A., Felsenberg, D., Louis, G. M. B., Lopez, P., Klotz, E., Osteaux, M., & Fraga, J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Androgen treatment prevents loss of cancellous bone in the orchidectomized rat
Wakley, G. K., Schutte, H. D., Hannon, K. S., & Turner, R. T. (1991) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650060403 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Importance of Gonadal Steroids to Bone Mass in Men with Hyperprolactinemic Hypogonadism
Greenspan, S. L., Oppenheim, D. S., & Klibanski, A. (1989) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-7-526 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Testosterone Deficiency As a Risk Factor for Hip Fractures in Men: A Case-Control Study
Jackson, J. A., Riggs, M. W., & Spiekerman, A. M. (1992) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-199207000-00003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Marked Disparity Between Trabecular and Cortical Bone Loss with Age in Healthy Men
Meier, D. E., ORWOLL, E. S., & JONES, J. M. (1984) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-605 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man
Smith, E. P., Boyd, J. A., Frank, G. R., Takahashi, H., Cohen, R. M., SPECKER, B. L., Williams, T. C., Lubahn, D. B., & Korach, K. S. (1995) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199503000-00021 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rudman, D. R., Drinka, P. J., Wilsont, C. R., Mattson, D. E., Scherman, F., Cuisinier, M. C., & Schultz, S. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb03018.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
TRANSDERMAL TESTOSTERONE SUBSTITUTION THERAPY FOR MALE HYPOGONADISM
Bals‐Pratsch, M., Yoon, Y., Knuth, U. A., et al. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90600-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Devogelaer, J. P., de Cooman, S., & de Deuxchaisnes, C. N. (1992) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/0378-5122(92)90057-b · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dr. Diamond, T., Stiel, D., & Posen, S. (1991) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650060108 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Vertebral Mineral Determination by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT)
Glüer, C., Reiser, U. J., Davis, C. A., et al. (1988) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198803000-00013 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chandolia, R. K., Weinbauer, G. F., Simoni, M., et al. (1991) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1250547 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The effect of androgen treatment on bone metabolism in female-to-male transsexuals
Lips, P. T. A. M., van Kesteren, P. J. M., Asscheman, H., & Gooren, L. J. (1996) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650111121 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy on Bone Density in Elderly Women
Felson, D. T., Zhang, Y., Hannan, M. T., et al. (1994) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199403000-00024 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Androgens as anabolic agents for bone
ORWOLL, E. S. (1996) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/1043-2760(96)00024-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effect of testosterone on bone in hypogonadal males
Isaia, G., Mussetta, M., Pecchio, F., Sciolla, A., Stefano, M. D., & Molinatti, G. M. (1992) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/0378-5122(92)90061-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lees, B., PUGH, M. A., SIDDLE, N. C., et al. (1995) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/bf01622256 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens: Current Status and Future Prospects
Kelly, C. (1996) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An international response to a global concern
Diczfalusy, E. (1985) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(85)90036-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Güer, C. C., Engelke, K., Jergas, M. D., et al. (1993) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/bf01623835 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [12]12. Behre HM, Oberpenning F, Nieschlag E. 1990 Comparative pharmacokinetics of testosterone preparations: application of computer analysis and simulation. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone-action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 115-135.
- [21]21. Vogler III JB, Genant HK. 1995 Osteoporosis. In: Taveras JM, Ferrucci JT, eds. Radiology-diagnosis, imaging, intervention, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; vol 5, chap. 58, pp 1-16.
- [31]31. Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. 1990 Testosterone-action, deficiency, substitu- tion. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., & Montori, V. M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2354 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., & Montori, V. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2847 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Fleseriu, M., Hashim, I. A., Karavitaki, N., Melmed, S., Murad, M. H., Salvatori, R., & Samuels, M. H. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2118 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Boehm, U., Bouloux, P.-M., Dattani, M. T., de Roux, N., Dodé, C., Dunkel, L., Dwyer, A. A., Giacobini, P., Hardelin, J.-P., Juul, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.112 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Vanderschueren, D., Vandenput, L., Boonen, S., Lindberg, M. K., Bouillon, R., & Ohlsson, C. (2004) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0003 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Wang, C., Cunningham, G., Dobs, A., Iranmanesh, A., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Weber, T., Berman, N., Hull, L., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032006 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Osteoporosis in Men: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Watts, N. B., Adler, R. A., Bilezikian, J. P., Drake, M. T., Eastell, R., Orwoll, E. S., & Finkelstein, J. S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3045 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Andropause: clinical implications of the decline in serum testosterone levels with aging in men
Matsumoto, A. M. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.2.m76 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Amory, J. K., Watts, N. B., Easley, K. A., Sutton, P. R., Anawalt, B. D., Matsumoto, A. M., Bremner, W. J., & Tenover, J. L. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031110 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Snyder, P. J., Kopperdahl, D. L., Stephens-Shields, A. J., Ellenberg, S. S., Cauley, J. A., Ensrud, K. E., Lewis, C. E., Barrett-Connor, E., Schwartz, A. V., Lee, D. C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9539 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The impact of opioids on the endocrine system
Katz, N., & Mazer, N. A. (2009) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181850df6 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks
Gruenewald, D. A., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.51018.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Lessons From the Testosterone Trials
Snyder, P. J., Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Matsumoto, A. M., Stephens-Shields, A. J., Cauley, J. A., Gill, T. M., Barrett-Connor, E., Swerdloff, R. S., Wang, C., et al. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00234 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Morales, A., & Lunenfeld, B. (2002) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/tam.5.2.74.86 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Testosterone replacement therapy: current trends and future directions
Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., Bouchard, P., Corrales, J. J., Jones, T. H., Stalla, G. K., Webb, S. M., & Wu, F. C. W. (2004) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh035 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of testosterone replacement on trabecular architecture in hypogonadal men
Benito, M., Vasilic, B., Wehrli, F. W., Bunker, B., Wald, M., Gomberg, B., Wright, A. C., Zemel, B., Cucchiara, A., & Snyder, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.050606 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Mazziotti, G., Frara, S., & Giustina, A. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00005 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Golds, G., Houdek, D., & Arnason, T. (2017) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2017/4602129 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Burnett-Bowie, S.-A. M., McKay, E. A., Lee, H., & Leder, B. Z. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0739 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Physical Function in Healthy Older Men. Time to Talk Hormones?
Giannoulis, M. G., Martin, F. C., Nair, K. S., Umpleby, A. M., & Sonksen, P. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Dissection of genetic variation and evidence for pleiotropy in male pattern baldness
Yap, C. X., Sidorenko, J., Wu, Y., Kemper, K. E., Yang, J., Wray, N. R., Robinson, M. R., & Visscher, P. M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07862-y · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Zitzmann, M., Brune, M., Kornmann, B., Gromoll, J., Junker, R., & Nieschlag, E. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01391.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationTancredi, A., Reginster, J., Schleich, F., Pire, G., Maassen, P., Luyckx, F., & Legros, J. (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1510355 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Testosterone replacement therapy: for whom, when and how?
Tsametis, C. P., & Isidori, A. M. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.007 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Vanderschueren, D., Vandenput, L., Boonen, S., Van Herck, E., Swinnen, J. V., & Bouillon, R. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.5.7472 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Andropause: Symptom Management for Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Hormonal Ablation
Thompson, C. A., Shanafelt, T. D., & Loprinzi, C. L. (2003) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.8-5-474 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Radiation-induced hypopituitarism
Fernandez, A., Brada, M., Zabuliene, L., Karavitaki, N., & Wass, J. A. H. (2009) · Endocrine-Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0231 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Zhang, X. H., Liu, X. S., Vasilic, B., Wehrli, F. W., Benito, M., Rajapakse, C. S., Snyder, P. J., & Guo, X. E. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.080405 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Late-Life Onset Hypogonadism: A Review
Bassil, N., & Morley, J. E. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.02.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Garrahy, A., Sherlock, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0962 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effect of aromatase inhibition on bone metabolism in elderly hypogonadal men
Leder, B. Z., & Finkelstein, J. S. (2005) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1890-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The impact of traumatic brain injury on pituitary function
Sundaram, N. K., Geer, E. B., & Greenwald, B. D. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Behre, H. M., Kliesch, S., Leifke, E., Link, T. M., & Nieschlag, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Nieschlag, Eberhard
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1997-08-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2386-2390
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2163320305
- Semantic Scholar
- 8c83f4c5d1798e90b32e461c6499e89accd38287
- Cited by
- 559
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 17.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, bone mineral density, hypogonadism, male hypogonadism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, secondary hypogonadism, osteoporosis, testosterone enanthate, long-term treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Cutaneous, Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Humans, Hypogonadism, Injections, Intramuscular, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Testosterone, Bone Density
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
