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Cited by 224Hormonal and reproductive studiesMenopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Testosterone replacement therapy: current trends and future directions

Nieschlag, E., Behre, H.M., Bouchard, P., Corrales, J.J., Jones, T.H., Stalla, G.K., Webb, S.M., Wu, F.C.W.·2004·Human Reproduction Update
DOI 10.1093/humupd/dmh035
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Abstract

Male hypogonadism is characterized by abnormally low serum testosterone levels associated with typical symptoms, including mood disturbance, sexual dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, and decreased bone mineral density. By restoring serum testosterone levels to the normal range using testosterone replacement therapy, many of these symptoms can be relieved. For many years, injectable testosterone esters or surgically implanted testosterone pellets have been the preferred treatment for male hypogonadism. Recently, newer treatment modalities have been introduced, including transdermal patches and gels. The development of a mucoadhesive sustained-release buccal tablet is the latest innovation, which will provide patients with an additional option. The availability of new treatment modalities has helped to renew interest in the management of male hypogonadism, highlighting the need to address a number of important but previously neglected questions in testosterone replacement therapy. These include the risks and benefits of treatment in different patient populations (e.g. the elderly) and the need for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment monitoring guidelines. While some recommendations have been developed in individual countries, up-to-date, internationally accepted evidence-based guidelines that take into account national differences in clinical practice and healthcare delivery would optimize patient care universally.

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Authors
Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., Bouchard, P., Corrales, J. J., Jones, T. H., Stalla, G. K., Webb, S. M., & Wu, F. C. W.
Affiliations
  • University of Münster (DE)
  • Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
  • Barnsley Hospital (GB)
  • Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
  • Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
  • Manchester Royal Infirmary (GB)
Corresponding author
Nieschlag, E.
ORCID
Venue
Human Reproduction Update
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2004-09
Volume
10
Issue
5
Pages
409-419
ISSN
  • 1355-4786 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2369
DOI
10.1093/humupd/dmh035
OpenAlex
W2158507076
Cited by
224
References
94
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 18
FWCI
1.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Human Reproduction Update (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
testosterone replacement therapy, male hypogonadism, testosterone esters, testosterone pellets, transdermal patch, topical gel, buccal tablets, treatment monitoring, elderly patients, evidence-based recommendations, sexual dysfunction, bone mineral density
MeSH terms
Androgens, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Testosterone, Hormone Replacement Therapy

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