The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Breakfast Habits in Patients Using Levothyroxine: Patient Experiences and Preferences
Abstract
Background: Levothyroxine (LT4) is recommended to be ingested in a fasting state, 30-60 minutes before breakfast to avoid interactions with food and drugs. In clinical practice, we noticed that this instruction may be inconvenient for patients. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate patient experiences and preferences concerning the recommended fasting administration of LT4. Methods: Patients using LT4 were invited to complete a questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to identify patient characteristics associated with taking LT4 close to or together with food and/or interfering drugs, feeling burdened with postponing breakfast, and preferring nonfasting LT4 ingestion. Results: Of 463 invited patients, 410 completed the questionnaire (88.6%). Of these, 76.8% was female and median age was 57 years (interquartile range: 43-67). Nearly all patients (97.3%) reported to have received instruction on fasting LT4 ingestion, but only 30% adhered to this. Nonfasting LT4 intake was associated with use of co-medication (odds ratio [OR], 2.82; 95% CI, 1.77-4.47), treatment duration >1 year (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.02-3.04), and male sex (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.03-2.70). Approximately half of the patients reported being burdened with postponing breakfast and the majority (60.5%) expressed their preference for nonfasting LT4 ingestion. Interestingly, 25% omitted breakfast and 13.4% forgot their medication because of the fasting requirement. Furthermore, the majority (68.2%) of patients that used interfering drugs stated not to be instructed to separate these drugs from LT4. Conclusion: This study highlights the burden associated with fasting LT4 ingestion, leading to nonadherence, irregular LT4 intake, and omitting breakfast. Given the clear preferences towards nonfasting LT4 ingestion, further research into alternative nonfasting administration methods is warranted.
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In the citing paper
“Our previous questionnaire study of 410 patients treated with LT4 found that 25% regularly skipped breakfast and 13% forgot their medication due to fasting requirements, while 61% preferred nonfasting ingestion (5).”
From Fasting vs Nonfasting, Dose-adjusted Levothyroxine Ingestion in Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, 25% of patients reported skipping breakfast altogether to meet the fasting condition.”
From Fasting vs Nonfasting, Dose-adjusted Levothyroxine Ingestion in Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“in a previous questionnaire study conducted by our research group, 50% of patients reported that delaying breakfast was burdensome (5).”
From Fasting vs Nonfasting, Dose-adjusted Levothyroxine Ingestion in Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“we observed a strong patient preference for taking LT4 with breakfast (5)”
From Fasting vs Nonfasting, Dose-adjusted Levothyroxine Ingestion in Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cited by
Willems, J. I. A., van Twist, D. J. L., Helmich, F., Sluiter, T., Medici, M., Peeters, R. P., & Tummers-de Lind van Wijngaarden, R. F. A. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf686 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Willems, J. I. A., van Twist, D. J. L., Luu, I. H. Y., Bianchi, R., Peeters, R. P., & Tummers-de Lind van Wijngaarden, R. F. A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zuyd Thyroid Center, Zuyderland Medical Center , 6162 BG Sittard-Geleen ,
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the Endocrine Society
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2024-10-21
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 2472-1972
- PMC
- PMC11544310
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 12
- Language
- en
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