Cited by 321Estrogen and related hormone effectsGenomics and Chromatin DynamicsNuclear Receptors and Signaling

Activation functions 1 and 2 of nuclear receptors: molecular strategies for transcriptional activation

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Wärnmark, Anette, Treuter, Eckardt, Wright, Anthony P. H., Gustafsson, Jan-Åke·2003·Molecular Endocrinology

Abstract

Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a family of ligand inducible transcription factors. To achieve transcriptional activation of target genes, DNA-bound NRs directly recruit general transcription factors (GTFs) to the preinitiation complex or bind intermediary factors, so-called coactivators. These coactivators often constitute subunits of larger multiprotein complexes that act at several functional levels, such as chromatin remodeling, enzymatic modification of histone tails, or modulation of the preinitiation complex via interactions with RNA polymerase II and GTFs. The binding of NR to coactivators is often mediated through one of its activation domains. Many NRs have at least two activation domains, the ligand-independent activation function (AF)-1, which resides in the N-terminal domain, and the ligand-dependent AF-2, which is localized in the C-terminal domain. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of AF-1- and AF-2-mediated gene activation, focusing on AF-1 and AF-2 conformation and coactivator binding.

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Crossref · 10.1210/me.2002-0384

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  • Transcriptional activation by steroid receptors depends on activation functions in both the N-terminal domain (AF-1) and ligand-binding domain (AF-2), through which coactivators are recruited to DNA-bound receptors.

    “The transcriptional activation functions of the receptors reside in both the NTD (a constitutively active AF-1) and LBD (a ligand-dependent AF-2), through which essential coactivators usually are recruited with DNA-bound receptors to activate transcription (Warnmark et al., 2003).”

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Authors
Wärnmark, A., Treuter, E., Wright, A. P. H., & Gustafsson, J.-A.
Affiliations
  • Departments of BioSciences (A.W., E.T., A.P.H.W., J.-Å.G.), S-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
  • Södertörn University (SE)
Venue
Molecular Endocrinology
Published
2003-10-01
Volume
17
Issue
10
Pages
1901-1909
ISSN
  • 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
  • 1944-9917
OpenAlex
W1964247670
Cited by
308
References
99
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
FWCI
1.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Karolinska Institutet
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Keywords
nuclear receptors, activation functions, AF-2, transcriptional activation, transcriptional coactivator, general transcription factors, preinitiation complex, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, RNA polymerase II, ligand-independent receptor activation, ligand-dependent activation
MeSH terms
Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

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