Effect of wild ginseng on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in the rat hippocampus
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The ameliorating effects of wild ginseng on learning and memory deficits were investigated in rats. METHODS: Rats were treated daily with wild ginseng or cultivated ginseng for 7 days at 30 min before scopolamine injection (2 mg/kg, i.p.). After inducing cognitive impairment by the administration of scopolamine, behavioural assessment using the Morris water maze was performed. Changes in cholinergic system reactivity were also examined by measuring the immunoreactive neurons of choline acetyltransferase and the reactivity of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus. KEY FINDINGS: Scopolamine injection induced impaired performance in the water maze test and severe cell losses in hippocampal cholinergic neurons, as indicated by decreased choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and increased acetylcholinesterase reactivity. Daily administration of wild ginseng produced a significant improvement in the escape latency for finding the platform in the Morris water maze and reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA due to the scopolamine injection was recovered to normal levels by the administration of wild ginseng. CONCLUSIONS: Wild ginseng demonstrates a significant neuroprotective effect against scopolamine-induced neuronal and cognitive impairment.
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Chlorogenic acid extract reduced AChE activity, oxidative stress, and memory impairment; wild ginseng improved learning and reduced cholinergic loss and AChE activity in the hippocampus.
“chlorogenic acid extract demonstrated neuroprotective effects by reducing AChE activity, oxidative stress, and memory impairment, while wild ginseng also improved learning and reduced cholinergic loss and AChE activity in the hippocampus [57,58].”
From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [58]
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- Authors
- Lee, B., Park, J., Kwon, S., Park, M.-W., Oh, S.-M., Yeom, M.-J., Shim, I., Lee, H.-J., & Hahm, D.-H.
- Affiliations
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center ,
- Konyang University (KR)
- Catholic University of Korea (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Hahm, Dae-Hyun
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-271
- ISSN
- 0022-3573 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-7158
- OpenAlex
- W2026667129
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- wild ginseng, Panax ginseng, scopolamine, acetylcholine depletion, hippocampus, cholinergic neurons, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, learning and memory impairment, neuroprotection, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Cell Count, Choline O-Acetyltransferase, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Panax, Hippocampus, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Memory, Neurons, Plant Extracts, RNA, Messenger, Scopolamine, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Plant Roots, Cholinergic Antagonists, Neuroprotective Agents, Maze Learning, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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