Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Implications for memory formation
Open accessAbstract
The adrenal steroid corticosterone has profound effect on the structure and function of the hippocampus. Probably as a result of that, it modulates memory formation. In this review, the question is addressed if the corticosterone effects on memory processes are mediated by alterations in the expression of the neurotrophin Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. First, studies are described investigating the effect of corticosterone on BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus. It appears that corticosterone suppresses the BDNF expression at the mRNA and protein level in a subfield-specific way. Second, a model for the mechanism of action is proposed. In this model, activated mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors repress transcriptional activity of the BDNF promoter site-specifically via interaction with other transcription factors. Third, the implications for learning and memory are discussed. Studies show that during water maze training, corticosterone levels rise significantly, but the BDNF expression is not suppressed in any hippocampal subfield. Furthermore, high BDNF expression levels in specific subfields correlate with a good memory performance. Therefore, we suggest that the resistance of the hippocampal BDNF expression to suppression by corticosterone, as seen after water maze training, may contribute to an optimal memory performance.
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Glucocorticoids affect neuronal tissue by disruption of BDNF expression.
“They also affect neuronal tissue by disruption of BDNF expression (Nibuya et al., 1995;Schaaf et al., 2000).”
From Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood (2005) · cites this paper as Schaaf et al., 2000
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“Stress models of depression have proposed that stress-induced BDNF downregulation is a result of a repression in the transcription of the BDNF gene promoter by the activated corticosteroid receptor in the hippocampus (Schaaf et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMadore, C., Nadjar, A., Delpech, J.-C., Séré, A., Aubert, A., Portal, C., Joffre, C., & Layé, S. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.021 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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“However, cortisol may also severely stunt the production of BDNF at the transcription level (10,22,34), hindering exercise-induced neuroplasticity.”
BackgroundEffects of Physical Exercise on Depressive Symptoms and Biomarkers in Depression
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“%) persistent reduced levels of serum and hippocampal BDNF, reduced hippocampal volume and neurogenesis, CA3 dendritic retraction and reduced spine density, and amygdala neuron hypertrophy; a subsequent mild stressor evoked elevated corticosterone levels and a " depressive " phenotype.”
InfluentialAre BDNF and glucocorticoid activities calibrated?
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“Because brain expression of BDNF is sensitive to circadian rhythms (Schaaf et al., 2000; Tapia-Arancibia et al., 2004; Allen and Earnest, 2005), further investigations revealed that hypomorphic GR mice resulted in downregulation of BDNF protein in the hippocampus during inactive periods (daytime).”
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“Several studies have suggested an association of hippocampal BDNF expression and memory performance, particularly in the water maze (Falkenberg et al., 1992; Schaaf et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResveratrol and Depression in Animal Models: A Systematic Review of the Biological Mechanisms
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“Chronic stress and glucocorticoids decrease BDNF [51,52], while it is believed that antidepressants exert their effects in part by increasing BDNF levels [53].”
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“It has been demonstrated that GRs regulate the transcription of BDNF exon VI (Hansson et al, 2006; Schaaf et al, 2000).”
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“Similarly, Schaaf et al. (1998, 1999, 2000) reported that increased corticosterone levels produced by exogenous administration of the steroid decreased hippocampal BDNF levels, but when endogenous corticosterone levels increased during water maze learning there was an increase in hippocampal…”
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“282 due to increased corticosteroids, because activation of the glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) negatively affects the BDNF gene (24).”
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“BDNF transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 are sensitive to oxidative and nitrosative status (Kamata et al., 2002; Parohova et al., 2009) and have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression (Altinoz et al., 2016; Ménard et al., 2016).”
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“Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus, especially in the dentate gyrus, in a dose-dependent manner, and the basal level is reestablished after 3 h (Schaaf et al., 1998, 2000).”
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“Finally, we will turn to evidence provided by studies using preclinical models that attempt to establish a causal link between hippocampal neurogenesis and the etiology, and pathophysiology of MDD and the requirement for neurogenesis in mediating the behavioral effects of ADs.”
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“Moreover, stress and the stress hormone corticosterone have been shown to reduce brain BDNF levels in rats, leading to hippocampus atrophy (Duman and Monteggia, 2006; Schaaf et al., 2000), a condition described in humans suffering from chronic depression.”
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“BDNF is associated with neural plasticity and is an important factor in the consolidation of memories (Schaaf et al., 2000).”
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“…a number of regulatory pathways including other NTs, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, and inflammation (Miranda et al., 1994; Simpkins et al., 1997; Schaaf et al., 2000; Kapfhammer, 2004; Tabakman et al., 2004; Nagatsu & Sawada, 2005; Babayan & Kramar, 2013; Numakawa et al., 2013; Pluchino et al.,…”
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“One mechanism by which elevated glucocorticoids may impair cognitive function is by suppressing BDNF production (Smith et al., 1995; Schaaf et al., 2000).”
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“It is well known that glucocorticoids can downregulate molecular markers of plasticity both at the mRNA and protein levels (Smith et al., 1995; Hansson et al., 2000, 2006; Schaaf et al., 2000; Gronli et al., 2006).”
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“Yet adrenal glucocorticoids secreted during tress interact with BDNF signaling (Bennett and Lagopoulos, 2014; umamaru et al., 2011; Kumamaru et al., 2008; Schaaf et al., 2000) or example, binding of glucocorticoid to its receptors lead to phoshorylation of the BDNF receptor, TrkB (Numakawa et al.”
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“Other neurochemicals such as corticosteriods ( Schaaf et al., 2000; Russo-Neustadt et al., 2001) and estrogen (Berchtold et al., 2001) affect hippocampal BDNF levels and may also mediate changes in neurotrophins following exercise.”
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“Moreover, glucocorticoid-responsive elements have been found in promoter regions on the BDNF gene promoter IV (Schaaf et al. 2000).”
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“, 1998), can suppress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Schaaf et al., 2000) and increases glutamate toxicity in the hippocampus (McEwen, 2002).”
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“Elevated glucocorticoids (stress hormone; corticosterone in animals, cortisole in humans) may impair cognitive function by suppressing BDNF production (Schaaf et al., 2000).”
Are there meaningful biomarkers of treatment response for depression?
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“It was supposed that corticosterone represses transcriptional activity of the BDNF promoter site specifically via interaction with other transcription factors [48].”
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“neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and memory difficulties (Schaaf et al., 2000).”
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“As the end product of HPA axis, glucocorticoids recover the activity of HPA axis to normal through a feedback regulation mechanism that depended on the glucocorticoid receptor in the brain, especially in the hippocampus (Schaaf et al., 2000).”
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“In addition, Adx induces an increase of BDNF mRNA expression in the DG (Hansson et al., 2000; Schaaf et al., 2000).”
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Enhancing Cognition after Stress with Gene Therapy
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“We chose BDNF, which has been shown to protect against stressand GC-dependent spatial memory impairment (Almli et al., 2000; Schaaf et al., 2000; Alonso et al., 2002; Radecki et al., 2004).”
- Authors
- Schaaf, M. J. M., De Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vreugdenhil, E.
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 201-208
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- OpenAlex
- W2109158936
- Semantic Scholar
- 93f10485ac4eabd2252567c71e95e9ce8d112ad1
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Keywords
- corticosterone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hippocampus, memory formation, learning, mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, transcriptional repression, BDNF promoter, hippocampal subfields, stress hormones
- MeSH terms
- CRF Receptor, Type 1, Adrenalectomy, Animals, Corticosterone, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Hippocampus, Kainic Acid, Learning, Memory, Models, Biological, Neurons, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, RNA, Messenger, Serotonin Antagonists, Stress, Physiological, Transcription, Genetic, Down-Regulation, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid, Dentate Gyrus, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Rats
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