The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Conceptual reasoning deficits are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are typically associated with focal lesions involving the frontal lobes. In this study, we predicted that MS patients with frontal white matter lesions (MS-F) would be more impaired on a standard conceptual reasoning task (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST) than patients with minimal frontal lesions (MS-NF), even if the total cerebral lesion area (TLA), measured from MRI, was equivalent across groups. We subdivided 43 definite MS patients into three groups based on MRI findings: seven in the MS-F group (mean TLA = 41.4 cm2) and seven in the MS-NF group (mean TLA = 50.0 cm2); 29 MS patients served as a low lesion burden control group (MS-C; mean TLA = 6.4 cm2). The groups did not differ with regard to demographic and illness characteristics. Although the three subgroups obtained comparable scores on a measure of global cognitive functioning (verbal intelligence), the MS-F group achieved significantly fewer categories and made more total errors on the WCST than did the MS-NF and MS-C groups. The MS-F group made significantly more perseverative responses than the MS-C group and nonsignificantly more than the MS-NF group. These results suggest that the pattern of cognitive decline in MS is a function of the location of demyelinating lesions within the cerebral hemispheric white matter. Finally, we supplement the group study results with a case report of an MS patient who was studied serially with MRI and cognitive testing.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In many ways, set-shifting tasks are similar to the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in that they form the gold standard for assessing executive function (Drewe, 1974; Robinson et al., 1980; Arnett et al., 1994).”
From Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models (2014) · cites this paper as Arnett et al., 1994
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70259-x · Cited by 2,088
White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Myelin-Related Dysfunction
Davis, K. L., Stewart, D. G., Friedman, J. I., Buchsbaum, M., Harvey, P. D., Hof, P. R., Buxbaum, J., & Haroutunian, V. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.443 · Cited by 793
Webster, S. J., Bachstetter, A. D., Nelson, P. T., Schmitt, F. A., & Van Eldik, L. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00088 · Cited by 755
“In many ways, set-shifting tasks are similar to the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in that they form the gold standard for assessing executive function (Drewe, 1974; Robinson et al., 1980; Arnett et al., 1994).”
MethodThe role of magnetic resonance techniques in understanding and managing multiple sclerosis
Miller, D. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.1.3 · Cited by 553
“Both groups with high lesion burden scored poorly for verbal IQ, but the group with frontal lesions had a significant increase in perseveration on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test providing additional support for a relationship between lesions in the frontal lobes and conceptual reasoning (Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundBerman, K. (1995) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00035-2 · Cited by 534
Clinical and imaging assessment of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Rocca, M. A., Amato, M. P., De Stefano, N., Enzinger, C., Geurts, J. J., Penner, I.-K., Rovira, A., Sumowski, J. F., Valsasina, P., & Filippi, M. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70250-9 · Cited by 557
Miller, D. H., Albert, P. S., Barkhof, F., Francis, G., Frank, J. A., Hodgkinson, S., Lublin, F. D., Paty, D. W., Reingold, S. C., & Simon, J. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390104 · Cited by 444
Disconnection as a mechanism for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Dineen, R. A., Vilisaar, J., Hlinka, J., Bradshaw, C. M., Morgan, P. S., Constantinescu, C. S., & Auer, D. P. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn275 · Cited by 373
Bookstein, F. L., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Connor, P. D., & Barr, H. M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0977 · Cited by 309
“Executive function deficits have frequently been found to be associated with frontal lobe damage (Shallice and Burgess, 1991; Arnett et al., 1994), and so the failure of the CC to extend far into the frontal lobes in this subgroup of patients may indicate some derangement of those white matter…”
BackgroundParasuraman, R., & Rizzo, M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.001.0001 · Cited by 331
Direct and Indirect Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Damage on Executive Function
Connor, P. D., Sampson, P. D., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., & Streissguth, A. P. (2000) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s1532694204connor · Cited by 303
“EF deficits have been identified in many clinical populations (Arnett et al., 1994; Channon, 1996; Dise & Lohr, 1998; Eslinger et al., 1992; Foong et al., 1997; Hutton et al., 1998; Levin et al., 1997; Pantelis et al., 1997; Raskin & Rearick, 1996; Romans, Roeltgen, Kushner, & Ross, 1997;…”
BackgroundDemakis, G. J. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.255 · Cited by 273
Neuropsychological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Brassington, J., & Marsh, N. V. (1998) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1025621700003 · Cited by 258
The Neuropsychiatry of Multiple Sclerosis
Feinstein, A. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900302 · Cited by 252
Benito‐León, J., Morales, J. M., & Rivera‐Navarro, J. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00450.x · Cited by 246
“2002 EFNS 497 European Journal of Neurology 2002, 9: 497–502 the future, anxiety or fatigue (Arnett et al., 1994; Feinstein, 1995).”
BackgroundMorgen, K., Sammer, G., Courtney, S. M., Wolters, T., Melchior, H., Blecker, C. R., Oschmann, P., Kaps, M., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.032 · Cited by 237
“Deficits of cognition in MS have been attributed to slowed neural conduction resulting from white matter (WM) pathology (Arnett et al., 1994; Rao et al., 1989; Swirsky- Sacchetti et al., 1992).”
BackgroundSimilarities and Distinctions among Current Models of Prefrontal Cortical Functions
Grafman, J. H. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38149.x · Cited by 232
Self-citationDissociable Mechanisms of Attentional Control within the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Nagahama, Y., Okada, T., Katsumi, Y., Hayashi, T., Yamauchi, H., Oyanagi, C., Konishi, J., Fukuyama, H., & Shibasaki, H. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.1.85 · Cited by 224
“, 1986) and it is likely that disruption of this process is at least partly responsible for the deficits repeatedly seen with the WCST in patients with frontal lobe damage (Milner, 1963; Drewe, 1974; Robinson et al., 1980; Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: Evidence-based analysis and recommendations
Rogers, J. M., & Panegyres, P. K. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.02.006 · Cited by 221
Regional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lesion Burden and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis
Sperling, R. A., Guttmann, C. R. G., Hohol, M. J., Warfield, S. K., Jakab, M., Parente, M., Diamond, E. L., Daffner, K. R., Olek, M. J., Orav, E. J., et al. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.1.115 · Cited by 219
“as the Wisconsin Card Sort Test, that are thought to be dependent on the integrity of frontal attentional systems.(2,26) Impairment in sustained attention, working memory, and executive function is frequently seen in patients with both cortical and subcortical frontal lobe damage from a variety of neurological conditi…”
MethodRovaris, M., Iannucci, G., Falautano, M., Possa, F., Martinelli, V., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00690-6 · Cited by 216
“5 [1–20] years and the median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score [40] (range) was 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialPiras, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.878 · Cited by 216
Cerebral activation during performance of a card sorting test
Nagahama, Y., Fukuyama, H., Yamauchi, H., Matsuzaki, S., Konishi, J., Shibasaki, H., & Kimura, J. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1667 · Cited by 214
Deloire, M. S. A. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045872 · Cited by 218
Post‐stroke depression, executive dysfunction and functional outcome
Pohjasvaara, T., Leskelä, M., Vataja, R., Kalska, H., Ylikoski, R., Hietanen, M., Leppävuori, A., Kaste, M., & Erkinjuntti, T. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00396.x · Cited by 210
“…errors and number of categories completed on the Nelsons version of Wisconsin Card Sorting test (NWCST) (Nelson, 1976) were ª 2002 EFNS European Journal of Neurology 9, 269–275 included to assess flexibility and ability to shift set (Glosser and Goodglass, 1990; Perrine, 1993; Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundCharil, A., Zijdenbos, A. P., Taylor, J., Boelman, C. G., Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., & Dagher, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00117-4 · Cited by 197
Cortical/subcortical disease burden and cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Rovaris, M., Filippi, M., Minicucci, L., Iannucci, G., Santuccio, G., Possa, F., & Comi, G. (2000) · PubMed Central · Cited by 195
Changes in the normal appearing brain tissue and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Filippi, M. (2000) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.68.2.157 · Cited by 193
Cognition in the early stage of multiple sclerosis
Schulz, D., Kopp, B., Kunkel, A., & Faiss, J. H. (2006) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0145-8 · Cited by 195
“Changes in brain structure, such as total lesion area (TLA), lesion distribution and MRI measures of brain atrophy are more substantially correlated with cognitive dysfunctions [2, 6, 15, 16, 17, 23, 28, 43, 55, 64, 68].”
BackgroundMethodBrain MRI correlates of cognitive impairment in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Comi, G., Filippi, M., Martinelli, V., Campi, A., Rodegher, M., Alberoni, M., Sirabian, G., & Canal, N. (1995) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)00168-2 · Cited by 185
Identifying the Distinct Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis
Meo, E. D., Portaccio, E., Giorgio, A., Ruano, L., Goretti, B., Niccolai, C., Patti, F., Chisari, C. G., Gallo, P., Grossi, P., et al. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4920 · Cited by 190
Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relapsing-remitting MS: a 3-year follow-up study
Amato, M. P., Portaccio, E., Goretti, B., Zipoli, V., Iudice, A., Pina, D. D., Malentacchi, G., Sabatini, S., Annunziata, P., Falcini, M., et al. (2010) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458510380089 · Cited by 183
Depression in multiple sclerosis: Relationship to working memory capacity.
Arnett, P. A., Higginson, C. I., Voss, W. D., Bender, W. I., Wurst, J. M., & Tippin, J. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.13.4.546 · Cited by 205
Self-citationBenedict, R. H. B., Carone, D. A., & Bakshi, R. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1177/1051228404266267 · Cited by 192
Multiple sclerosis: Empirical literature for the clinical health psychologist
Mohr, D. C., & Cox, D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1042 · Cited by 176
Age related differences in metacognitive control: Role of executive functioning
Souchay, C., & Isingrini, M. L. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.06.002 · Cited by 158
Brass, S. D., Benedict, R. H. B., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Munschauer, F., & Bakshi, R. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135248506ms1301oa · Cited by 156
MRI correlates of cognitive impairment in childhood-onset multiple sclerosis.
Till, C., Ghassemi, R., Aubert-Broche, B., Kerbrat, A., Collins, D. L., Narayanan, S., Arnold, D. L., Desrocher, M. E., Sled, J. G., & Banwell, B. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0022051 · Cited by 158
Hermann, B. P., & Seidenberg, M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639508402430 · Cited by 151
Lombardi, W. J., Andreason, P. J., Sirocco, K. Y., Rio, D. E., Gross, R. E., Umhau, J. C., & Hommer, D. W. (1999) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.21.1.2.940 · Cited by 144
Trail Making Test Errors and Executive Function in Schizophrenia and Depression
Mahurin, R. K., Velligan, D. I., Hazleton, B. C., Davis, J. M., Eckert, S. L., & Miller, A. L. (2006) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040590947498 · Cited by 146
Depression in multiple sclerosis: Relationship to planning ability
Arnett, P. A., Higginson, C. I., & Randolph, J. J. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701766027 · Cited by 138
“Along with our two TOL indices, we used total words correct from the reading span task described in Arnett et al. (1999b) as one independent variable, and the three speeded attentional cognitive tasks we found to be impaired in depressed MS patients in our other previous report (Arnett et al.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationImpairment in abstraction and set shifting in aged Rhesus monkeys
Moore, T. L. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00054-4 · Cited by 139
“Multiple sclerosis patients with frontal lobe white matter lesions demonstrate a similar pattern of performance on the WCST as patients with frontal lobe lesions [4].”
BackgroundAnderson, C. V., Bigler, E. D., & Blatter, D. D. (1995) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639508402438 · Cited by 136
Lazeron, R. H. C., Boringa, J., Schouten, M. J. E., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Bergers, E., Lindeboom, J., Eikelenboom, M. J., Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., & Polman, C. H. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1201oa · Cited by 137
Killgore, W. D. S., Kahn-Greene, E. T., Grugle, N. L., Killgore, D. B., & Balkin, T. J. (2009) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.2.205 · Cited by 132
Frontal Cortex Atrophy Predicts Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., Bakshi, R., Simon, J. H., Priore, R. L., Miller, C., & Munschauer, F. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.14.1.44 · Cited by 130
“Although the authors did not control for total lesion load, Arnett et al.1 controlled for this factor by dividing patients into those with and without predominantly frontal lesions.”
BackgroundA multicenter measurement of magnetization transfer ratio in normal white matter
Berry, I., Barker, G. J., Barkhof, F., Campi, A., Dousset, V., Franconi, J., Gass, A., Schreiber, W., Miller, D. H., & Tofts, P. S. (1999) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199903)9:3 · Cited by 120
MRI correlates of executive dysfunction in patients with ischaemic stroke
Vataja, R., Pohjasvaara, T., Mäntylä, R., Ylikoski, R., Leppävuori, A., Leskelä, M., Kalska, H., Hietanen, M., Aronen, H. J., Salonen, O. L. M., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00676.x · Cited by 122
“The number of perseverative errors and number of categories on Nelsons version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Nelson, 1976) to assess perseveration, flexibility and ability to shift set (Glosser and Goodglass, 1990; Perrine, 1993; Arnett et al., 1994).”
MethodCorpus callosum damage and cognitive dysfunction in benign MS
Mesaroš, Š., Rocca, M. A., Riccitelli, G. C., Pagani, E., Rovaris, M., Caputo, D., Ghezzi, A., Capra, R., Bertolotto, A., Comi, G., et al. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20692 · Cited by 112
“This finding confirms the robustness of our data, because the WCST assesses conceptual reasoning and, as consequence, is typically associated with frontal lobe damage [Arnett et al., 1994; Rao et al., 1991; Swirsky-Sacchetti et al., 1992].”
ResultDenney, D. R., LYNCH, S. G., Parmenter, B. A., & Horne, N. R. (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704107030 · Cited by 111
“Patients with MS have been shown to perform more poorly than healthy controls on common measures of executive function (Arnett et al., 1994, 1997; Beatty & Monson, 1996; Foong et al., 1997; Heaton et al., 1985; Rao et al., 1987; Ryan et al., 1996).”
BackgroundFatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions
Brenner, P., & Piehl, F. (2016) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12648 · Cited by 123
Neuropsychology of Multiple Sclerosis: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Benedict, R. H. B., DeLuca, J., Enzinger, C., Geurts, J. J. G., Krupp, L., & Rao, S. M. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000959 · Cited by 122
“Major depression is related toWM and GM abnormalities in the frontotemporal region (Feinstein et al., 2010, 2004), and likely accounts for some impairment on cognitive testing (Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCorrelates of Executive Function in Multiple Sclerosis:
Foong, J., Rozewicz, L., Davie, C., Thompson, A. J., Miller, D. H., & Ron, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.11.1.45 · Cited by 111
Regional lobar atrophy predicts memory impairment in multiple sclerosis.
Benedict, R. H. B., Zivadinov, R., Carone, D. A., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Gaines, J., Maggiore, C., Sharma, J., Tomassi, M.-A., & Bakshi, R. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 108
Interpreting patient/informant discrepancies of reported cognitive symptoms in MS
Carone, D. A., Benedict, R. H. B., Munschauer, F., Fishman, I., & Weinstock‐Guttman, B. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770505068x · Cited by 108
An Investigation of Working Memory Rehearsal in Multiple Sclerosis Using fMRI
Hillary, F. G., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Ricker, J. H., Steffener, J., Bly, B. M., Lange, G., Liu, W. C., Kalnin, A., & DeLuca, J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.7.965.16490 · Cited by 108
“Structural neuroimaging techniques have received extensive application in studies of MS and measures quantifying lesion load have shown positive correlation with degree of cognitive deficit (Arnett et al., 1994; Comi et al., 1995; Rao, Leo, Haughton, St. Aubin-Faubert, & Bernardin, 1989).”
BackgroundCortical reorganization during PASAT task in MS patients with preserved working memory functions
Forn, C., Barrós‐Loscertales, A., Escudero, J. V., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.030 · Cited by 103
“Most of studies have given support to this hypothesis (see, for instance, Arnett et al., 1994; Benedict et al., 2002, 2005; Camp et al., 1999), but others have shown a clear discrepancy between lesional load and the severity of the cognitive symptomatology (see Rao et al., 1989; Fulton et al.,…”
ResultMcCullagh, S., Moore, M. K., Gawel, M. J., & Feinstein, A. (1999) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00214-2 · Cited by 98
Diffusion-weighted imaging predicts cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., Bruce, J. M., Dwyer, M. G., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Tjoa, C., Tavazzi, E., Munschauer, F. E., & Zivadinov, R. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507075592 · Cited by 97
“function [7,8] are particularly common, affecting quality of life and employment [9].”
BackgroundBeatty, W. W., & Monson, N. (1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700000989 · Cited by 96
Working memory impairments in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from a dual-task paradigm.
D’Esposito, M., Onishi, K., Thompson, H., Robinson, K. M., Armstrong, C. L., & Grossman, M. (1996) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.10.1.51 · Cited by 97
“Other investigators have found a correlation between the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and frontal lobe plaque burden (Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundCognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis: A review
Sousa, D., Albert, R. H., & Kálmán, B. (2002) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750201700104 · Cited by 96
Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory.
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., & Gil, R. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00075-1 · Cited by 86
Parmenter, B. A., Zivadinov, R., Kerenyi, L., Gavett, R. A., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Dwyer, M. G., Garg, N., Munschauer, F. E., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390600672163 · Cited by 93
Lazeron, R. H. C., Langdon, D. W., Filippi, M., van Waesberghe, J. H., Stevenson, V. L., Boringa, J., Origgi, D., Thompson, A. J., Falautano, M., Polman, C., et al. (2000) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850000600410 · Cited by 93
Longitudinal Neuropsychological Assessment in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
MacAllister, W. S., Christodoulou, C., Milazzo, M. C., et al. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701375872 · Cited by 92
“In adults with MS, frontal lesions often relate to deficits in executive functions (Arnett et al., 1994) and thinning of the corpus callosum has been associated with decreased speed of information processing (Rao, Leo, Haughton, St AubinFaubert, & Bernardin, 1989).”
BackgroundKincses, Z. T., Ropele, S., Jenkinson, M., Khalil, M., Petrovic, K. E., Loitfelder, M., Langkammer, C., Aspeck, E., Wallner-Blazek, M., Fuchs, S., et al. (2010) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458510391342 · Cited by 94
Impaired performance in a test of decision-making by opiate-dependent tobacco smokers
Rotheram-Fuller, E. J., SHOPTAW, S. J., Berman, S. M., & London, E. D. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.003 · Cited by 88
“Although it elicits coordinated activity in both anterior and posterior brain regions, the WCST assesses executive functions somewhat different from those measured by the GT and is sensitive to lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and other brain regions (Arnett et al., 1994; Miller, 2000).”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning and Judgment-of-Learning versus Feeling-of-Knowing in Older Adults
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M. L., Clarys, D., Taconnat, L., & Eustache, F. (2004) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730490251478 · Cited by 86
Cortical pathology and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Calabrese, M., Rinaldi, F., Grossi, P., & Gallo, P. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.155 · Cited by 97
Rovaris, M., & Filippi, M. (1999) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-199906000-00012 · Cited by 85
Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.33729 · Cited by 82
Campbell, J. L., Langdon, D. W., Cercignani, M., & Rashid, W. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/4292585 · Cited by 88
“A wide variety of dysexectuive symptoms have been identified in patients with MS [90, 91, 180, 181].”
BackgroundFeinstein, A., O'Connor, P. W., Gray, T., & Feinstein, K. (1999) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245859900500201 · Cited by 83
Zorzon, M., Ukmar, M., Bragadin, L. M., Zanier, F., Antonello, R. M., Cazzato, G., & Zivadinov, R. (2000) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850000600605 · Cited by 83
Frontal P300 Decrement and Executive Dysfunction in Adolescents with Conduct Problems
Kim, M., Kim, J., & Kwon, J. S. (2001) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1012299822274 · Cited by 79
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Winkelmann, A., Engel, C., Apel, A., & Zettl, U. K. (2007) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-007-2010-9 · Cited by 83
“Correlations with frontal brain lesions are well documented [7, 40, 88].”
BackgroundThe impact of frontal and non-frontal brain tumor lesions on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance
Goldstein, B. H., Obrzut, J. E., John, C. R., Ledakis, G. E., & Armstrong, C. L. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00269-0 · Cited by 82
Depression-Executive Dysfunction Syndrome in Stroke Patients
Vataja, R., Pohjasvaara, T., Mäntylä, R., Ylikoski, R., Leskelä, M., Kalska, H., Hietanen, M., Aronen, H. J., Salonen, O. L. M., Kaste, M., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.99 · Cited by 88
Assessment of social cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis
Ouellet, J., Scherzer, P. B., Rouleau, I., Métras, P., Bertrand-Gauvin, C., Djerroud, N., Boisseau, É., & Duquette, P. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709991329 · Cited by 82
Psychomotor retardation is a scar of past depressive episodes, revealed by simple cognitive tests
Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Richard‐Devantoy, S., Bayle, F., & Cléry-Melin, M.-L. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.07.013 · Cited by 76
“Cognitive speed might be more specifically involved, as a previous study of depression and cognition in multiple sclerosis concluded that the patients with depression were mainly characterized by slow information processing speed, whereas executive functioning was unaffected (Arnett et al., 1994).”
Iannucci, G., Minicucci, L., Rodegher, M. E., Sormani, M. P., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (1999) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00259-2 · Cited by 74
Radant, A. D., Claypoole, K. H., Wingerson, D. K., et al. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00464-7 · Cited by 75
Assessment of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Sartori, É., & Edan, G. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.016 · Cited by 73
“Other consequences concern treatments: Firstly, cognitive deficit represents a marker for disease progression [2,47] with significant correlations with MRI, specially in clinically isolated syndromes [23–25] and also in multiple sclerosis patients [3,4,16,18,27,40,41, 57,60,67] and should be included in treatment deci…”
BackgroundGenova, H. M., DeLuca, J., Chiaravalloti, N. D., & Wylie, G. R. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.806649 · Cited by 73
“, lesion load and atrophy) in MS as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Arnett et al., 1994; Parmenter et al., 2007) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), which measures neurometabolites as markers of neuronal integrity, has also been used to examine the relationship between executive dysfunction and neurona…”
BackgroundMethodCardiovascular autonomic dysfunction correlates with brain MRI lesion load in MS
Saari, A., Tolonen, U., Pääkkö, E. L., Suominen, K., Pyhtinen, J., Sotaniemi, K. A., & Myllylä, V. V. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.01.012 · Cited by 72
“In contrast to earlier reports several more recent studies (Arnett et al., 1994; Comi et al., 1993; European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS, 1998; Filippi et al., 1994, 1995) have been able to establish significant association with the MRI findings and the clinical…”
ResultOn the nature of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia
Haut, M. W., Cahill, J., Cutlip, W. D., Stevenson, J. M., Makela, E. H., & Bloomfield, S. M. (1996) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(96)02940-x · Cited by 72
Benedict, R., Shapiro, A. M., Priore, R. L., Miller, C., Munschauer, F. E., & Jacobs, L. (2000) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850000600606 · Cited by 73
MRI markers of destructive pathology in multiple sclerosis-related cognitive dysfunction
Rovaris, M., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.014 · Cited by 75
Multiple sclerosis⋮ the disease and its manifestations
McDonald, W. I., & Ron, M. A. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0506 · Cited by 70
Pathophysiology of phenylketonuria
Dyer, C. A. (1999) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5:2 · Cited by 71
Structural connectivity influences brain activation during PVSAT in Multiple Sclerosis
Bonzano, L., Pardini, M., Mancardi, G., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.015 · Cited by 67
“Conventional MRI parameters found to covariate with cognitive performance include disease burden indices, such as total lesion volume (Rao et al., 1989) and frontal lobe lesion volume (Arnett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundBrain mapping in multiple sclerosis: Lessons learned about the human brain
Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., & Rocca, M. A. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.021 · Cited by 64
Neuropsychological Impairment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comparison with Multiple Sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., Shucard, J. L., Zivadinov, R., & Shucard, D. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9061-2 · Cited by 65
“1991b), success in rehabilitation (Langdon and Thompson 1999), and social skills (Arnett et al. 1994; Benedict et al. 2001; Knight et al. 1997).”
BackgroundRegional cerebral blood flow during the wisconsin card sort test in schizotypal personality disorder
Buchsbaum, M. S., Trestman, R. L., Hazlett, E. A., et al. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00081-9 · Cited by 63
“Neuropsychological studies of neurological patients suggest that WCST performance is particularly impaired in patients with damage in the prefrontal cortex (PFC ) (e.g., Drewe, 1974; Robinson et al., 1980; Sullivan et al., 1993; Amett et al., 1994).”
BackgroundCognitive slowing in multiple sclerosis is strongly associated with brain volume reduction
Lazeron, R. H. C., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Scheltens, P., Polman, C. H., & Barkhof, F. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506070924 · Cited by 60
Cognitive and neurobehavioral features in multiple sclerosis
Arnett, P. A., & Strober, L. B. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.12 · Cited by 59
Self-citationNocentini, U., Rossini, P. M., Carlesimo, G. A., et al. (2001) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000052083 · Cited by 60
Relationship between confabulation and measures of memory and executive function
Cunningham, J. M., Pliskin, N. H., Cassisi, J. E., Tsang, B., & Rao, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639708403767 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Arnett, P. A., Rao, S. M., Bernardin, L., Grafman, J., Yetkin, F. Z., & Lobeck, L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3_part_1
- Pages
- 420-420
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2041731350
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k04ns001055-03, 5r01ns022128-07)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K04 NS01055, NINDS R01 NS22128)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, frontal lobe lesions, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, conceptual reasoning, perseveration, white matter lesions, lesion localization, cognitive decline, demyelinating lesions, frontal lobe
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cognition, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Neuropsychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
