Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a positron emission tomography study
Abstract
To determine the neural circuitry engaged by performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a neuropsychological test traditionally considered to be sensitive to prefrontal lesions, regional cerebral blood flow was measured with oxygen-15 water and positron emission tomography (PET) while young normal subjects performed the test as well as while they performed a specially designed sensorimotor control task. To consider which of the various cognitive operations and other experiential phenomena involved in the WCST PET scan are critical for the pattern of physiological activation and to focus on the working memory component of the test, repeat WCST scans were also performed on nine of the subjects after instruction on the test and practice to criteria. We confirmed that performance of the WCST engages the frontal cortex and also produces activation of a complex network of regions consistently including the inferior parietal lobule but also involving the visual association and inferior temporal cortices as well as portions of the cerebellum. The WCST activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) remained significant even after training and practice on the test, suggesting that working memory may be largely responsible for the physiological response in DLPFC during the WCST and, conversely, that the DLPFC plays a major role in modulating working memory.
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In both the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in humans and set-shifting tasks in mice, the dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex is critical for successful performance.
“In both the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task in humans and set-shifting tasks in mice, the dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex is critical for successful performance (Weinberger et al., 1986; Berman et al., 1995; Brigman et al., 2005; Bissonette et al., 2008).”
From Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models (2014) · cites this paper as Berman et al., 1995
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- Authors
- Berman, K.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berman, K
- ORCID
- Berman, K
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1027-1046
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027729655
- Cited by
- 534
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, working memory, regional cerebral blood flow, inferior parietal lobule, cerebellum, visual association cortex, inferior temporal cortex, frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Discrimination Learning, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Mental Recall, Regional Blood Flow, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Prefrontal Cortex
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