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Cited by 1,197Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Association between Recurrent Concussion and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment in Retired Professional Football Players

Guskiewicz, Kevin M., Marshall, Stephen W., Bailes, Julian, McCrea, Michael, Cantu, Robert C., Randolph, Christopher, Jordan, Barry D.·2005·Neurosurgery
DOI 10.1227/01.neu.0000175725.75780.dd
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral concussion is common in collision sports such as football, yet the chronic neurological effects of recurrent concussion are not well understood. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between previous head injury and the likelihood of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease in a unique group of retired professional football players with previous head injury exposure. METHODS: A general health questionnaire was completed by 2552 retired professional football players with an average age of 53.8 (±13.4) years and an average professional football playing career of 6.6 (± 3.6) years. A second questionnaire focusing on memory and issues related to MCI was then completed by a subset of 758 retired professional football players (≥50 yr of age). Results on MCI were then cross-tabulated with results from the original health questionnaire for this subset of older retirees. RESULTS: Of the former players, 61% sustained at least one concussion during their professional football career, and 24% sustained three or more concussions. Statistical analysis of the data identified an association between recurrent concussion and clinically diagnosed MCI (χ2 = 7.82, df = 2, P = 0.02) and self-reported significant memory impairments (χ2 = 19.75, df = 2, P = 0.001). Retired players with three or more reported concussions had a fivefold prevalence of MCI diagnosis and a threefold prevalence of reported significant memory problems compared with retirees without a history of concussion. Although there was not an association between recurrent concussion and Alzheimer's disease, we observed an earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in the retirees than in the general American male population CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the onset of dementia-related syndromes may be initiated by repetitive cerebral concussions in professional football players.

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Crossref · 10.1227/01.neu.0000175725.75780.dd

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Mortimer, 1985, Head injury as risk factor for Alzheimer's disease., Neurology, 35, 264, 10.1212/WNL.35.2.264 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Roberts, 1990, The occult aftermath of boxing., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 53, 373, 10.1136/jnnp.53.5.373 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Guskiewicz, 2003, Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players. The NCAA Concussion Study., JAMA, 290, 2549, 10.1001/jama.290.19.2549 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Jordan, 1997, Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing., J Am Med Soc, 278, 136

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Metadata

Authors
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., & Jordan, B. D.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID
Venue
Neurosurgery
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2005-10
Volume
57
Issue
4
Pages
719-726
ISSN
0148-396X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1227/01.neu.0000175725.75780.dd
OpenAlex
W2105910930
Cited by
1,197
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 70
FWCI
10.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Neurosurgery (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords
recurrent concussion, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, memory impairment, dementia onset, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, sports-related brain injury
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Concussion, Cognition Disorders, Football, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Retirement

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