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Effect of Exercise on Depression
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In the citing paper
“The size of the effect of exercise compared with no treatment in the studies we analysed is similar to those found by three previous meta-analyses.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“Three meta-analyses have looked at the effect of exercise on depression, and all found a benefit.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“However, these analyses pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials.They also pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment, and they did not explicitly assess the quality of the studies.”
In the citing paper
“However, three of these reviews pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials, and pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990).”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990;Lawlor 2001;Stathopoulou 2006;Sjosten 2006) have looked at the effect of exercise on depression and all found that exercise was of benefit.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews which found that exercise improved depression included uncontrolled trials (North 1990;Craft 1998;Carlson 1991, so the results of these reviews are probably biased in favour of exercise.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“This was partly consistent with previous meta-analyses in which the length of exercise was the only characteristic related to the effect size for depression treatment [168, 169], and where 9–12 weeks were associated with the largest reduction.”
From Comparative Effectiveness of Multiple Exercise Interventions in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [169]
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Items 201–300 of 650
Rutter, L. A., Thompson, H. M., Howard, J., Riley, T. N., De Jesús-Romero, R., & Lorenzo-Luaces, L. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/26134 · Cited by 51
“Initially, when examining bivariate correlations in our data, the findings seem to conflict with the existing literature [43-45] and the common sense idea that physical activity is associated with better health outcomes, including reduced anxiety and depression [46].”
ResultAnnesi, J. J. (2005) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.96.3c.891-898 · Cited by 49
Annesi, J. J. (2003) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390300073402 · Cited by 48
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Donaghy, M. E. (2007) · Advances in Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/14038190701395838 · Cited by 50
“The most recent of these meta-regression analyses (27) included a systematic review of 14 RCTs; the findings are similar to previous meta-analyses (28,29).”
BackgroundResistance Training is Associated with Improved Mood in Healthy Older Adults
McLafferty, C. L., Wetzstein, C. J., & Hunter, G. R. (2004) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.98.3.947-957 · Cited by 48
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“If exercise is an effective intervention, it is possible that at least part of its influence on quitting is in decreasing depressive symptoms [86,87] and thus making it easier for women to quit smoking.”
BackgroundPhysical activity counseling in primary care and patient well-being: Do patients benefit?
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A genetic perspective on the association between exercise and mental health
de Geus, E. J. C., & de Moor, M. H. M. (2008) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2008.09.005 · Cited by 47
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“Furthermore, cognitive-behavioral mechanisms like mastery of a difficult skill, increased self-efficacy, feeling successful or an increased internal locus of control as well as social mechanisms could play an important role (39).”
BackgroundOn Aerobic Exercise and Behavioral and Neural Plasticity
Swain, R., Berggren, K. L., Kerr, A. L., Patel, A. U., Peplinski, C., & Sikorski, A. M. (2012) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2040709 · Cited by 46
Acute exercise and aerobic fitness influence selective attention during visual search
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Smocks and Jocks Outside the Box: The Paradigmatic Evolution of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Vealey, R. S. (2006) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2006.10491876 · Cited by 55
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“These authors speculated that clinically depressed populations might not respond; however this is not what others have reported (North et al. 1990).”
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“Physiological, biological, and psychological mechanisms explain the antidepressive effects of exercise.(19)”
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“Furthermore, meta-analyses have shown a moderate to large effect size (ES from 0.5 to 1.1) of exercise on depression (Craft & Landers, 1998; Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; Mead et al., 2008; North, McCullagh, & Tran, 1990; Rethorst, Wipfli, & Landers, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMindell, J. S., Coombs, N. A., & Stamatakis, E. (2014) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113003820 · Cited by 48
“Physical activity is associated with reductions in all-cause mortality((3,4)) obesity, diabetes((5)), hypertension, CVD((3)) certain cancers((3,4)), osteoporosis((6)) and depression((7)).”
BackgroundVoluntary exercise and depression-like behavior in rodents: are we running in the right direction?
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“Additionally, they involve physiological perspectives, such as the cardiovascular [15], amine [16], and endorphin hypotheses [17, 18].”
BackgroundQuality Physical Intervention Activity for Persons with Down Syndrome
Lotan, M. (2007) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.20 · Cited by 40
“Mounting evidence negatively correlates between exercise, anxiety, stress, and depression[16].”
BackgroundAnxiety, depression, and insomnia
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Habitual Physical Activity and Quality of Life
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“It has been proven in previous studies that engaging in exercise has a positive effect on mental health (e.g., Mead et al., 2009; North et al., 1990).”
Do Work-Site Exercise and Health Programs Work?
Shephard, R. J. (1999) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.1999.02.667 · Cited by 39
Using Exercise to Ward Off Depression
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Exercise and Depression in the Older Adult
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“On the other hand, the beneficial effect of exercise on mental health and psychic disorder especially depression is well established (e.g., [ 119 , 120]).”
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“Plausible mechanisms for its possible effect include improved social contact, a diversion from negative thoughts, and the physiological effects on neurotransmitters such as monoamines & endorphins [ 16 ].”
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Attentional bias to emotional stimuli is altered during moderate- but not high-intensity exercise.
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Measuring exercise‐induced mood changes in fibromyalgia: A comparison of several measures
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Interventions for promoting physical activity
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Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Mood in People With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study
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How does the context of physical activity influence perceived mood and wellbeing after exercise?
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“This specific positive association extends the evidence for the cardiovascular fitness hypothesis [33].”
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Deliberate Soccer Practice Modulates Attentional Functioning in Children
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Depression in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis
Ehde, D. M., & Bombardier, C. H. (2005) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2005.01.010 · Cited by 31
“Though not yet studied in MS, the effect of exercise on depressed mood, depressive symptoms, and MDD has been studied in healthy human subjects, persons with psychiatric conditions, and older adults [42–44].”
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Predictors of exercise adherence in older people living in retirement villages
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Cognitive Group Therapy and Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Anxiety
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Biological Psychology, Exercise, and Stress
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Diet, exercise, and mental disorders − public health challenges of the future
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Incorporating Physical Activity Into the Schools Using a 3‐Tiered Approach
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Optimism levels among collegiate athletes and non‐athletes
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“…levels, resulting in changes in optimism levels Carver and Gaines (1987) found support for an inverse relationship between optimism and depression levels North, McCullagh, and Tran (1990) also found exercise to be successful in the treatment of depression Given the possibility of the inverse…”
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Worksite health promotion and the older worker
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Mood Alterations following an Indoor and Outdoor Exercise Program in Healthy Elderly Women
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The Chronic Exercise–Cognition Interaction
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“The effect of exercise on depression has also been the subject of research, with past meta-analyses demonstrating the benefit of exercise in depression [58,59].”
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Efficacy of Exercise in Reducing Depressive Symptoms across 5-HTTLPR Genotypes
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“Several meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms (6,33).”
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“Rol físico 77,43 (35,64) 84,72 (27,37) −1,46 (0,148) 9,4 82,42 (29,10) 87,11 (42,26) −0,86 (0,393) 5,7 −0,90 (0,371) −0,40 (0,693) 0,11 (0,745) < 0,01 Dolor corporal 65,85 (25,73) 76,31 (20,13) −3,69 (<0,001) 15,9 60,63 (21,84) 62,86 (25,82) −0,95 (0,345) 3,7 1,27 (0,207) 3,36 (0,001) 10,81 (0,001) 0,08”
Exercise is beneficial adjunctive treatment in depression
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“A number of meta-analyses of intervention studies of the effect of exercise training have revealed that exercise may have a significant moderate to high anti-depressive effect [55-57].”
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“Contrastingly, an early study suggests that an optimal exercise duration should exceed 20 weeks [41].”
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“[18] conducted a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise on depression and demonstrated that the effect sizes of aerobic and resistance exercise were not significantly different and that these two types of exercise have significant effectiveness on depression.”
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“’s study [35] with a community sample of adolescents and by Craft and Landers’s study [36] with adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old, who demonstrated that exercise significantly reduced depression among participants with clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness.”
BackgroundAportaciones del POMS a la medida del estado de ánimo de los deportistas : estado de la cuestión
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Metadata
- Authors
- NORTH, T. C., McCULLAGH, P., & TRAN, Z. V.
- Venue
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 379???416
- ISSN
- 0091-6331 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996444134
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Depressive Disorder, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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