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Effect of Exercise on Depression
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In the citing paper
“The size of the effect of exercise compared with no treatment in the studies we analysed is similar to those found by three previous meta-analyses.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“Three meta-analyses have looked at the effect of exercise on depression, and all found a benefit.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“However, these analyses pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials.They also pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment, and they did not explicitly assess the quality of the studies.”
In the citing paper
“However, three of these reviews pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials, and pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990).”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990;Lawlor 2001;Stathopoulou 2006;Sjosten 2006) have looked at the effect of exercise on depression and all found that exercise was of benefit.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews which found that exercise improved depression included uncontrolled trials (North 1990;Craft 1998;Carlson 1991, so the results of these reviews are probably biased in favour of exercise.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“This was partly consistent with previous meta-analyses in which the length of exercise was the only characteristic related to the effect size for depression treatment [168, 169], and where 9–12 weeks were associated with the largest reduction.”
From Comparative Effectiveness of Multiple Exercise Interventions in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [169]
Citations
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Exercise effects on withdrawal and mood among women attempting smoking cessation
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Treatment of minor depression in older adults: A pilot study comparing sertraline and exercise
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“Observational and intervention studies of young psychiatric patients suggest that aerobic exercise is superior to placebo or to no treatment in reducing depressive symptoms (Christmas & Andersen, 2000 ; North, McCullagh, & Tran, 1990 ).”
BackgroundTo exercise, or, not to exercise, during menopause and beyond
Stojanovska, L., Apostolopoulos, V., Polman, R. C. J., & Borkoles, E. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.006 · Cited by 132
“of gender, age or health status [27], and regular exercise by patients”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Psychological Well-being: Knowledge Base, Current Issues, and Caveats
Gauvin, L. I., & Spence, J. C. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03899.x · Cited by 137
Physical Activity and Postpartum Well-Being
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A naturalistic study of the impact of acute physical activity on feeling states and affect in women.
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“Several other well-considered reviews (Martinsen, 1993; 1994; Mutrie, 2000; North et al, 1990) have indicated a positive relationship between exercise and clinical depression scores.”
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Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review
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Physical exercise alleviates debilities of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease
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Effects of mindful and non‐mindful exercises on people with depression: A systematic review
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“Physical activity and exercise are broad-spectrum interventions that enhance role functioning, physical well-being, and emotional health through improved physical fitness and vitality [4–8].”
BackgroundProgram Participation and Physical Activity Maintenance after Cardiac Rehabilitation
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“Finally, an appropriately chosen dose of exercise can correct a depressed mood state that might otherwise have an adverse effect on immune function and resistance to tumor cells (North et al., 1990; Sklar and Anisman, 1979; Weinberg and Emerman, 1989).”
BackgroundA cohort study of leisure time physical activity and depression
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Exercise enhances creativity independently of mood
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“Despite the mental health improvements noted among non-clinically depressed populations, studies (North et al., 1990; Lane & Lovejoy, 2001) have concluded that clinically participants demonstrated the greatest decreases in depressive symptoms with exercise.”
BackgroundExercise and Optimism: Are Highly Active Individuals More Optimistic?
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“It has been hypothesised that changes in CRF – reflective of physiological changes – may mediate PArelated effects on cognitive- and mental health outcomes [81, 82].”
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Impact of physical activity on mood after TBI
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“The graphic depiction of results (see Figures 1 and 2), often called the ‘iceberg profile’ due to the spiked appearance of the vigour score, is also similar to results for athletes with a spinal cord injury [56–58] and individuals undergoing PA as part of a rehabilitation programme [59].”
ResultSartorius, N., Baghai, T. C., Baldwin, D. S., Barrett, B. M., Brand, U., Fleischhacker, W., Goodwin, G. M., Grunze, H., Knapp, M. R. J., Leonard, B. E., et al. (2007) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145707008255 · Cited by 103
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“The evidence also points to a number of psychological benefits of PA, including the reduction of depressive (North et al., 1990; Calfas and Taylor, 1994; Craft and Lander, 1998; Larun et al., 2006) and anxiety (Petruzzello et al., 1991; Calfas and Taylor, 1994; Larun et al., 2006; Wipfli et al.,…”
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Behavioural activation for depression: Efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination
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Strength Training Effects on Subjective Well-Being and Physical Function in the Elderly
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Working it out: Using exercise in psychotherapy.
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Sport participation and stress among women and men
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Impact of an exercise intervention on methamphetamine use outcomes post-residential treatment care
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Physical activity and exercise in children with chronic health conditions
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Effect of exercise intensity on depressive symptoms in women
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“Previous studies have indicated that reductions in depression were not associated with differences in exercise duration, frequency, and type (Craft & Landers, 1998; Dunn et al., 2005; North et al., 1990 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHelmich, I., Latini, A., Sigwalt, A., Carta, M. G., Machado, S., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., & Budde, H. (2010) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901006010115 · Cited by 97
“Several meta-analyses [49-54] studied the impact of exercise on depression and all concluded that exercise had positive effects.”
BackgroundThe Benefits and Costs of Serious Running
Major, W. F. (2001) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/04419057.2001.9674226 · Cited by 85
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Physical Activity and Public Health: Mental Health
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Cortisol and affective responses to exercise
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Physical Activity and Mental Health
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Effectiveness of exercise in management of fibromyalgia
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Ballroom dance lessons for geriatric depression: An exploratory study
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“This was partly consistent with previous meta-analyses in which the length of exercise was the only characteristic related to the effect size for depression treatment [168, 169], and where 9–12 weeks were associated with the largest reduction.”
ResultSims, J., Hill, K., Davidson, S. K., Gunn, J. M., & Huang, N. (2006) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-6-18 · Cited by 77
Environmental and health benefits of hunting lifestyles and diets for the Innu of Labrador
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“It appears that if the amount of activity decreases in active individuals, then the risk of depression increases (North et al., 1990; McDonald and Hodgdon, 1991; Dishman, 1995).”
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Intervention Study of Exercise for Depressive Symptoms in Women
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Aging and productivity: some physiological issues
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Personality, physical activity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the HUNT study
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“As a matter of fact, in spite of previous meta-analysis by Craft and Landers (1998) or North, McCullagh, and Tran (1990)—all suggesting that chronic exercise is effective in alleviating symptoms of depression—Lawlor and Hopker (2001) more cautiously concluded that “it is not possible to determine…”
Examination of exercise-induced feeling states in four modes of exercise.
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“Since we stipulate that gain in VO2-peak would be the active constituent mediating improvements in cognition and modulations of intrinsic brain activity (in line with the fitness hypothesis of cognition, (North et al., 1990; Kramer et al., 1999)], we reasoned that interindividual change in aerobic capacity across both…”
ResultRational treatment choices for non-major depressions in primary care
Ackermann, R. T., & Williams, J. W. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10350.x · Cited by 69
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Relations of Body Concerns and Exercise Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
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“These findings are also supported by two recent meta-analyses (Lawlor & Hopker, 2001; North et al., 1990).”
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“It has been suggested the benefit of exercise is largest on individuals with more medical and psychological needs (North et al., 1990).”
BackgroundPreserving mobility in older adults.
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Status of the Year 2000 Health Goals for Physical Activity and Fitness
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Role of exercise in the treatment of alcohol use disorders
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“Sometimes these associations may have a positive impact on mental health (38).”
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“62); the improved mood, self-confidence and self-esteem resulting from engaging in challenging physical activity (Biddle & Mutrie, 2008, Chapter 8; North et al., 1990); and the distraction that physical activity provides from day-to-day stressors (Morgan, 1985).”
The Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions on Coping with Stress: Research Synthesis
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Self-efficacy and affective responses to short bouts of exercise
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“Therefore, we tested whether VWR, another known antidepressant intervention (North et al., 1990), could modulate the persistence of immobility behavior induced by 5d-RFSS.”
BackgroundMurphy, J. M., Sweeney, M. R., & McGrane, B. (2020) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.58 · Cited by 61
Physical and Immunological Aspects of Exercise in Chronic Diseases
Apostolopoulos, V., Borkoles, E., Polman, R. C. J., & Stojanovska, L. (2014) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.14.76 · Cited by 54
“An analysis based on 80 studies demonstrated a positive correlation between physical activity and clinical depression, regardless of gender, age or health status [94], and regular exercise by patients after termination of anti-depressants, had lower depression scores than those who were sedentary [2].”
MethodThe Relationship between Regular Sports Participation and Vigilance in Male and Female Adolescents
Ballester, R., Huertas, F., Yuste, F. J., Llorens, F., & Sanabria, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123898 · Cited by 56
“The “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” [39] suggests that cardiovascular fitness is the physiological mediator that explains the cognitive benefits of physical activity.”
BackgroundPool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgia
Gowans, S. E., & deHueck, A. (2007) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0b013e3280327944 · Cited by 51
Alternative Treatments for Depression
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“1).(20) Many theories, both biologically and psychologically based, were proposed to explain the antidepressant effects of exercise.”
BackgroundWeinstock, J. (2010) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481003686034 · Cited by 50
Underwood, M. R., Lamb, S. E., Eldridge, S. M., Sheehan, B., Slowther, A., Spencer, A. E., Thorogood, M., Atherton, N., Bremner, S. A., Devine, A., et al. (2013) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta17180 · Cited by 53
Sport participation and vigilance in children: Influence of different sport expertise
Ballester, R., Huertas, F., Molina, E., & Sanabria, D. (2017) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.008 · Cited by 56
Syväoja, H. J., Kankaanpää, A., Kallio, J., Hakonen, H., Kulmala, J., Hillman, C. H., Pesonen, A.-K., & Tammelin, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2017-0135 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- NORTH, T. C., McCULLAGH, P., & TRAN, Z. V.
- Venue
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 379???416
- ISSN
- 0091-6331 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996444134
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Depressive Disorder, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Exercise
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