The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Effect of Exercise on Depression
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The size of the effect of exercise compared with no treatment in the studies we analysed is similar to those found by three previous meta-analyses.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“Three meta-analyses have looked at the effect of exercise on depression, and all found a benefit.[9][10][11]”
In the citing paper
“However, these analyses pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials.They also pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment, and they did not explicitly assess the quality of the studies.”
In the citing paper
“However, three of these reviews pooled data from a range of study types that included uncontrolled studies and randomised as well as non-randomised controlled trials, and pooled data from trials that compared exercise and no treatment with data from trials that compared exercise and other forms of treatment (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990).”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses (Craft 1998;Carlson 1991;North 1990;Lawlor 2001;Stathopoulou 2006;Sjosten 2006) have looked at the effect of exercise on depression and all found that exercise was of benefit.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews which found that exercise improved depression included uncontrolled trials (North 1990;Craft 1998;Carlson 1991, so the results of these reviews are probably biased in favour of exercise.”
From Exercise for depression (2009) · cites this paper as North 1990
In the citing paper
“This was partly consistent with previous meta-analyses in which the length of exercise was the only characteristic related to the effect size for depression treatment [168, 169], and where 9–12 weeks were associated with the largest reduction.”
From Comparative Effectiveness of Multiple Exercise Interventions in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [169]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 650
Physical Activity Increases after an Affectively Arousing Daily Life Event
Pollak, M. H., & Hart, J. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00518 · Cited by 1
“, 2008; Reed and Buck, 2009) and decrease negative affect (North et al., 1990; Arent et al., 2000; Rethorst et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTornquist, L., Tornquist, D., Crochemore‐Silva, I., Mielke, G. I., da Silveira, M. F., Hallal, P. C., & Domingues, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.051 · Cited by 1
Behavioral correlates of depressive symptoms in older unlike-sex twin pairs
Elavsky, S., Gold, C. H., Rovine, M. J., & Malmberg, B. (2013) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0052-7 · Cited by 1
The effects of taking structured movement breaks on the algebra achievement of gifted fifth graders
Brightup, L. J. (2010) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) · Cited by 1
Physical activity & depression
Tsiantoula, I., Tsiantoula, L., Πατσιαούρας, Α., & Kokaridas, D. (2012) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Exercise on the Mental Health
Alikhani, A., Mojtaba, M., & Amiri, S. (2015) · International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research · Cited by 1
Examining the Relationship between Exercise and Psychological Stress among the Rural Population
Oh, J.-W., Kwon, H.-J., Lee, S.-H., Lim, J., Choi, B. Y., Kim, M. K., & Kim, Y. S. (2015) · The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5763/kjsm.2015.33.2.126 · Cited by 1
Effects of judo exercise on emotional and physical self-efficacy in the with cerebral palsy
Park, K.-Y., 최우영, & 정연택 (2009) · 한국특수체육학회지 · doi:10.17006/kjapa.2009.17.3.61 · Cited by 1
An overview of hypotheses of antidepressant effects of exercise, Part 1: Biological mechanisms
Nezhad, M. M. (2011) · Cited by 1
Muminović, N., Lačić, O., Bilalić, J., et al. (2022) · Sport Scientific And Practical Aspects International Scientific Journal of Kinesiology · doi:10.51558/1840-4561.2022.19.2.55 · Cited by 1
Yi, Q., Wang, S., Feng, X., Liu, X., Selvanayagam, V. S., & Cheong, J. P. G. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039550 · Cited by 1
Gesundheitssport - Bewegungstherapie = Health sport - movement therapy
Nitsch, J. R., Seiler, R., & Knobloch, J. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1
Fayos, E. J. G. D. L., & García, C. (2007) · Cited by 1
Der Leib in Bewegung als Ressource im Erwachsenenalter – eine psychomotorische Betrachtung
Haas, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08778-4_14 · Cited by 1
Moreira, B. D., Doyenart, R., Gomes, K. M., et al. (2021) · Extensio Revista Eletrônica de Extensão · doi:10.5007/1807-0221.2021.e77439 · Cited by 1
Cutcliffe, J. R., & Travale, R. (2018) · Principles of specialty nursing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31772-4_15 · Cited by 1
Exercise for Substance Use Disorders
Mooney, L. J., Cooper, C. B., London, E. D., Chudzynski, J. E., & Rawson, R. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_47 · Cited by 1
Physical activity and depression in people with coronary heart disease
Rogerson, M. C. (2009) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 1
Evans, G. S., Eveland-Sayers, B. M., Farley, R. S., Fuller, D. K., Morgan, D. W., Ward, K. U., & Caputo, J. L. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000321728.90852.ff · Cited by 1
Advice on long term corticosteroid treatment will be clarified
Arlett, P. R., & Rawlins, M. D. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1540 · Cited by 1
"Physiological and Mood Changes Induced by Exercise Withdrawal"
Berlin, A. A. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e446082005-001 · Cited by 1
Kull, M. (2006) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu) · Cited by 1
Actividad física y uso sedentario de medios tecnológicos de pantalla en adolescentes
Valencia‐Peris, A. (2013) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 3
Franques, P., Auriacombe, M., Lincheneau, P. M., & Tignol, J. (2004) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Psychiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(02)00093-7 · Cited by 1
Psychopharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus
Rey, J. A. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203931592-11 · Cited by 1
Sport and Exercise in Health Psychology
Dyke, E. D. V., & Raalte, J. L. V. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch175 · Cited by 1
Alternative interventions for young men's mental health.
McGale, N. (2011) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Physical Fitness: The Gateway to Preventive Health
Abadie, B. R. (2007) · Forum on public policy · Cited by 1
Kremer, J. (1997) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.31.3.245 · Cited by 1
Sanabria, D., Luque‐Casado, A., Perales, J. C., Rafa, Ciria, L. F., Huertas, F., & Perakakis, P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3bux8 · Cited by 1
Ning, Y. (2023) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2023.239 · Cited by 1
“However, Toshiya (2013) showed that long-term physical exercise is more effective in reduc - ing negative emotions than relaxation exercises or other distracting and enjoyable activities.”
BackgroundThe association between physical activity, mental health, and personality: The HUNT study
Brunes, A. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Torres, E. R. (2009) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Promoting Therapeutic Lifestyle Change and the Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease
Harris, G. D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76597-6_12
“In addition to decreasing cardiovascular risks, increased physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have been correlated with increased physical self-esteem and psychological well-being [32, 33 ], enhanced vigor and energy [34] and higher ratings of life satisfaction [35].”
BackgroundExercise for Substance Use Disorders
Mooney, L. J., & Rawson, R. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_34
The Longitudinal Influence of Physical Activity on Adolescent Alcohol Use
Ruffin, B. (2012) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi12050213
“Physical Activity and Depression The association between exercise related behavior and mental health has been examined by many researchers (Byrne & Byrne, 1993; Gauvin & Spence, 1996; North et al., 1990; Salmon, 2001).”
BackgroundAnsietat, depressió i pràctica d'exercici físic en estudiants universitàries
Zafra, A. O., Ortega, E., & Candel, N. (2010)
Aerobic activity improves spatial learning and motor activity in aged rats
Ahmadi, N., Ali, A. M., & Naghdi, N. (2012)
Chi, I., Jordan‐Marsh, M., Guo, M., Xie, B., & Zhang, M. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007143.pub2
Sport und psychische Gesundheit
Hartmann, T., & Pühse, U. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79545-2_51
Hasson, R. E. (2021) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/5648787
Medical Problems of the Athlete
Tanji, J. L. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2947-4_51
Watanabe, E., Takeshima, N., Chogahara, M., et al. (2001) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003390627
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Symptoms of Depression
Manganella, K. (2012) · Scholar Works at UT Tyler (The University of Texas at Tyler)
Relationship of Participation in Jazz Dance to Body Image and Mental Healt
Choi, S.-A. (2008) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2008.8.8.196
Junior doctors need to work more than 48 hours a week
Hamade, A. M., & Al-Dabbagh, A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1541
Lichamelijke inspanning als (adjuvante) therapie bij depressie en angststoornissen
Hartgens, F., Schruers, K. R. J., & Griez, E. J. L. (2008) · Stimulus · doi:10.1007/bf03077591
Fees for opinions and information are not always justified
Davidson, M. J. F., Sargent, A. M., & McCoubrey, I. A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1544a
Strategy for Strengthening Late Mover's Competitiveness in the IT Equipment Market
Yang, J., Kim, J., Lee, S.-J., et al. (2008) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2008.8.8.019
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND THE PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING OF OBESE ADOLESCENTS
Kelly, N. R. (2009) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/w0n0-6p79
“The literature also suggests that both aerobic and non-aerobic exercises, such as strength and flexibility training, are equally effective in reducing depressive symptoms (Martinsen, 1990; Martinsen, Hoffart, & Solberg, 1989; North et al., 1990).”
BackgroundIf You Let Them Play, They Will…
White, E. A., & Sheets, C. (2001) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2001.10605734
“For example, North, McCullagh, and Tran (1990) examined the relationship between exercise and depression in participants undergoing various physical activity programs.”
BackgroundOverlay Multicasting with Local Swap Option in a Personal Broadcasting System
Kang, M.-Y., Lee, H., & Nam, J.-S. (2008) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2008.8.8.001
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON SELF-CONFIDENCE
Manaf, N. A. (2013) · Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.3844/jssp.2013.67.72
Changes in PLAB examination will have implications for overseas doctors
Berlin, A., Gill, P., & Stone, R. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1539
Brawley, L. R., Jung, M. E., & Glazebrook, K. E. (2006)
Exercise and Obesity: Lifestyle Modification as a Means in Prevention and Treatment
Pavlou, K. N. (2008) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/000152983
Wegner, M. (2012) · edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) · doi:10.18452/16504
BIENESTAR PSICOLOGICO Y ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA EN POBLACIONES CIEGAS Y CON DEFICIENCIAS VISUALES
Rodríguez, A. S., García, F. G., & Márquez, S. (1969) · Pensar en Movimiento Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud · doi:10.15517/pensarmov.v2i1.436
“…la luz de las distintas revisiones realizadas sobre el tema, que la actividad física resulta beneficiosa en una amplia gama de problemas psicológicos (Folkins y Sime, 1981) y en general para la salud mental de los sujetos (Dishman, 1995; Gruber, 1986; Morgan, 1997; North et al., 1990; Cruz, 1990).”
Backgroundvan Gool, C. H. (2005) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20050610cg
MODERN TRENDS IN STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING
Baldari, C. (2013)
Cauley, J. A., & Fox, K. M. (1996)
Verbal Feedback Facilitates Heart Rate Discrimination and Differentiation
Kirkpatrick, M. A., & Groves, A. S. (2011) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2011.11434393
Donaldson, B., Inglis, G., Shipton, E. A., Frampton, C. M., & Rivett, D. A. (2009) · Orthopaedic Proceedings
Suman-Vejas, O. E., Spies, R. J., Celis, M. M., Mlcak, R. P., David, N., Przkora, R., Herndon, D. N., Prosser, L. A., Lee, S. C. K., Stackhouse, S. K., et al. (2015)
Walker, J. R., Swan, P. D., Fleury, J., Ainsworth, B., Chisum, J., Hooker, S. P., & Keller, C. S. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e546872013-251
Sharry, P. M. (2013) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13025/17471
The exercise and mood relation
Markowitz, S. M. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3m61k6v
“Furthermore, we know exercise can effectively treat and prevent depression (Craft & Landers, 1998; Landers & Arent, 2001; North et al., 1990; Roth & Holmes, 1987), which”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Exercise on Alcohol Use Disorders
Georgakouli, K., Manthou, E., Φατούρος, Ι., Ζουρμπάνος, Ν., Θεοδωράκης, Γ., Gianoulakis, C., & Τζιαμούρτας, Α. (2016) · Inquiries in sport and physical education
Ruuskanen, E.-I. (2006) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
The Impact of Sports Dropout on Adolescent Functioning
Cook, B. S. (2015) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Shephard, R. J. (2008) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0162-0908(08)79155-4
Richardson, T. (2008) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
Bador, K., Bador, N., & Kerekes, N. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.76079
“Some argued that exercise could be used systematically to regulate an individual’s experience of negative emotions such as anger, depression, or anxiety (North et al., 1990).”
BackgroundKiningham, R. B., Master-Hunter, T., & Kumagai, A. K. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141603000-3.10021-8
Neal, J. M. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/1aye-6446
Non-Pharmacological Treatment for Depression in Primary Care
Lim, S., & Shin, E. (2012) · Korean Journal of Family Practice
Stress, gestão do tempo e actividade física: um estudo com estudantes do ensino superior.
Martins, A., Pacheco, A., & de Jesús, S. N. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Physical activity and depression from childhood to young adulthood
McKercher, C. (2012) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23205152
Lee, M., Jang, S.-H., Yeo, S., et al. (2017) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.213549
“It is well known that exercise is necessary for good health (North et al., 1990; Salmon, 2001; Dziedzic et al., 2008; Siddiqui et al., 2010; Fagard, 2011; Weinstein et al., 2013).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Exercise Adherence on Quality of Life in Korean Adult Taekwondo Participants
Park, S. Y., & 김영숙 (2010) · 대한무도학회지 · doi:10.35277/kama.2010.12.3.221
Influences of physical activity types on mood and heart rate variability
Takahashi, S., & Yoshida, Y. (2018) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.18018
Internal versus External Predictors of Physical Activity in Youth
Ryan, P. M. (2019) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4906
Pietsch, A., Kuhlow, H., Hartinger, E., & Riepenhof, H. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-019-01145-6
“The incidence and progress of the ageing process could be positively influenced by active physical training whereby the loss of neuromuscular capacity could be delayed (Liu and Fielding 2011; North et al. 1990; Patel et al. 2013).”
BackgroundChi, I., Jordan‐Marsh, M., Guo, M., Xie, B., & Zhang, M. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007143
Trend to symptom-based depression in sub-elite and sports athletes
Rêgo, D. C., Bastos, A. D. A., de Melo, D. L. R., Reis, G. C., de Melo, H. M. S., Souza, A. A., & de Oliveira, A. F. S. (2020) · doi:10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc1.02
“…as it predicts the willingness to compete among the participants (Halko and Sääksvuori, 2017), as well as being challenging to improve individuals´ self-confidence (North et al. , 1990), facilitating the search for new objectives and better results by comparison with the results of the competitors.”
ResultPERCEPÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE VIDA INFANTOJUVENIL APÓS O CÂNCER: UMA REVISÃO
Torres, D. C. D. O., Freire, B. C., Torres, D. V. D. O., Silva, T. D. M., Guimarães, J. F., de Lemos, G. D., Maia, C. S., de Araújo, C. R. F., Donato, S. T., Assis, T. D. O., et al. (2020) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.66720250512
Souza, E. C., Metódio, B. S., dos Santos, N. A. M., & Pinto, D. M. T. B. C. (2020) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6672025056
Cardio-respiratory capacity as an important biomarker of health
Novák, J., Votík, J., Štork, M., & Zeman, V. (2016) · Tělesná kultura · doi:10.5507/tk.2016.003
Metadata
- Authors
- NORTH, T. C., McCULLAGH, P., & TRAN, Z. V.
- Venue
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 379???416
- ISSN
- 0091-6331 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996444134
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Depressive Disorder, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
