Objective Measures of Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic and Endocrine Biomarkers
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PURPOSE: Although physical activity is an established risk factor for chronic disease prevention, the specific mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly understood. We examined the associations between total activity counts and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) measured by accelerometer, and physical activity energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water, with plasma levels of proinsulin, insulin, c-peptide, insulin growth factor binding protein-3, insulin growth factor-1, adiponectin, leptin, and leptin-sR. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 526 healthy US women in the Women's Lifestyle Validation Study, 2010 to 2012. We performed multiple linear regression models adjusting for potential lifestyle and health-related confounders to assess the associations between physical activity, measured in quartiles (Q) and biomarkers. RESULTS: Participants in Q4 versus Q1 of total activity counts had lower proinsulin (-20%), c-peptide (-7%), insulin (-31%), and leptin (-46%) levels, and higher adiponectin (55%), leptin-sR (25%), and insulin growth factor-1 (9.6%) levels (all P trend ≤ 0.05). Participants in Q4 versus Q1 of MVPA had lower proinsulin (-26%), c-peptide (-7%), insulin (-32%), and leptin (-40%) levels, and higher adiponectin (31%) and leptin-sR (22%) levels (all P trend ≤ 0.05). Further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) attenuated these associations, but the associations with adipokines remained significant. Those in Q4 versus Q1 of physical activity energy expenditure had lower leptin (-21%) and higher leptin-sR (10%) levels (all P trend ≤ 0.05), after additional adjustment for BMI. In the sensitivity analysis, the associations were similar but attenuated when physical activity was measured using the subjective physical activity questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that greater physical activity is modestly associated with favorable levels of cardiometabolic and endocrine biomarkers, where the strongest associations were found with accelerometer-measured physical activity. These associations may be only partially mediated through BMI, further supporting the role of physical activity in the reduction of cardiometabolic and endocrine disease risk, independent of adiposity.
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Circulating ApN was linked to physical activity behavior in large human cross-sectional studies, where greater physical activity was generally associated with higher ApN levels.
“In parallel to imposed bouts of exercise training, circulating ApN was linked to physical activity behavior in large human cross-sectional studies, where greater physical activity was generally associated with higher ApN levels [77,85,86].”
From Adiponectin and Its Mimics on Skeletal Muscle: Insulin Sensitizers, Fat Burners, Exercise Mimickers, Muscling Pills … or Everything Together? (2020) · cites this paper as [85]
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O’Connor, V. L., Magnante, A. T., Rowland, J. A., Craig, K. M., Meckes, S. J., Calhoun, P. S., Dedert, E. A., Fountain, C., Bridges‐Curry, Z., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251338615
Yokote, T., Yatsugi, H., Chu, T., Liu, X., & Kishimoto, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26646855
Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Huang, Z., Tao, J., Li, X., Zhou, X., & Du, Q. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22605937
Yokote, T., Yatsugi, H., Chu, T., Liu, X., & Kishimoto, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26646852
From Adipose Tissue to the Heart: Leptin, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Risk in Women
Gera, P., Frishman, W. H., & Aronow, W. S. (2026) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001335
- Authors
- ALESSA, H. B., CHOMISTEK, A. K., HANKINSON, S. E., BARNETT, J. B., ROOD, J., MATTHEWS, C. E., RIMM, E. B., WILLETT, W. C., HU, F. B., & TOBIAS, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1817-1825
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5561485
- OpenAlex
- W2606600168
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks Open (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca049449-18)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (R01‐CA049449, UM1CA176726, U54CA155626, UM1CA186107, R01CA067262)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK103720, P30DK040561)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, physical activity energy expenditure, cardiometabolic biomarkers, endocrine markers, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, adiponectin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, body mass index, accelerometer-measured activity, women
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Peptide, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Endocrine System Diseases, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Middle Aged, Proinsulin, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3, Leptin, Adiponectin, Accelerometry
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