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Effects of Creatine and Carbohydrate Loading on Cycling Time Trial Performance
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Creatine (Cr) and carbohydrate loadings are dietary strategies used to enhance exercise capacity. This study examined the metabolic and performance effects of a combined CR and CHO loading regiment on time trial (TT) cycling bouts. METHODS: Eighteen well-trained (~65 mL·kg·min V˙O2peak) men completed three performance trials (PT) that comprised a 120-km cycling TT interspersed with alternating 1- and 4-km sprints (six sprints each) performed every 10 km followed by an inclined ride to fatigue (~90% V˙O2peak). Subjects were pair matched into either CR-loaded (20 g·d for 5 d + 3 g·d for 9 d) or placebo (PLA) groups (n = 9) after the completion of PT1. All subjects undertook a crossover application of the carbohydrate interventions, consuming either moderate (6 g·kg body mass (BM) per day; MOD) or CHO-loaded (12 g·kg BM·d; LOAD) diets before PT2 and PT3. Muscle biopsies were taken before PT1, 18 h after PT1, and before both PT2 and PT3. RESULTS: No significant differences in overall TT or inclined ride times were observed between intervention groups. PLA + LOAD improved power above baseline (P < 0.05) during the final 1-km sprint, whereas CR + MOD and CR + LOAD improved power (P < 0.05) during the final 4-km sprint. Greater power was achieved with MOD and LOAD compared with baseline with PLA (P < 0.05). CR increased pre-PT BM compared with PLA (+1.54% vs +0.99% from baseline). CR + LOAD facilitated greater [total CR] (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and muscle [glycogen] (P < 0.01 vs baseline and MOD) compared with PLA + LOAD. Mechanistic target of rapamycin decreased from baseline after glycogen depletion (~30%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Power output in the closing sprints of exhaustive TT cycling increased with CR ingestion despite a CR-mediated increase in weight. CR cosupplemented with carbohydrates may therefore be beneficial strategy for late-stage breakaway moments in endurance events.
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Athletes with a high capacity for glycogen storage may benefit from moderately reducing pre-event carbohydrate intake relative to maximal loading before shorter cross-country skiing events (sprint, 10 km, skiathlon, relays), potentially lowering body mass by 1-2 kg and improving movement economy and power-to-weight ratio.
“Consequently, athletes with a high capacity for glycogen storage may benefit from moderately reducing pre‐event carbohydrate intake relative to maximal loading before shorter cross‐country skiing events (e.g., sprint, 10 km, skiathlon, and relays). This approach may lower body mass by 1–2 kg, thereby improving movement economy and power‐to‐weight ratio [13, 48].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
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“However, an individual’s training status may influence creatine’s efficacy regarding glycogen storage, as two studies focusing on highly trained athletes did not show significant enhancements in muscle glycogen levels following creatine supplementation [153, 154].”
Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing
Ørtenblad, N., Holmberg, H. ‐., Nybo, L., & Gejl, K. D. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70242 · Cited by 1
“This approach may lower body mass by 1–2 kg, thereby improving movement economy and power- to-weight ratio [13, 48].”
Metadata
- Authors
- TOMCIK, K. A., CAMERA, D. M., BONE, J. L., ROSS, M. L., JEACOCKE, N. A., TACHTSIS, B., SENDEN, J., VAN LOON, L. J. C., HAWLEY, J. A., & BURKE, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 141-150
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2744818738
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, carbohydrate loading, cycling time trial, sprint performance, muscle glycogen, muscle creatine, mTOR signaling, glycogen depletion, weight gain, endurance cycling
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Carbohydrate Loading, Adult, Bicycling, Body Weight, Creatine, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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