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Can Mandated Political Representation Increase Policy Influence for Disadvantaged Minorities? Theory and Evidence from India
Open accessAbstract
A basic premise of representative democracy is that all those subject to policy should have a voice in its making. However, policies enacted by electorally accountable governments often fail to reflect the interests of disadvantaged minorities. This paper exploits the institutional features of political reservation, as practiced in Indian states, to examine the role of mandated political representation in providing disadvantaged groups influence over policy-making. I find that political reservation has increased transfers to groups which benefit from the mandate. This finding also suggests that complete policy commitment may be absent in democracies, as is found in this case.
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“We recruited respondents via a combination of reaching out directly and personal contacts, using purposeful sampling [151]-i.e., identifying and selecting experts with relevant experience-iterative until saturation.”
From Re-imagining Algorithmic Fairness in India and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as [151]
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Olken, B., Pande, R., Dhaliwal, I., Dragusanu, R., & Marshall, C. (2011) · Cited by 14
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“This strategy is similar in essence to that of Pande (2003) for the size of SC quotas in state elections. administrative record of the election of SC leaders outside SC quotas, but the IHDS survey data provide cross-sectional information for the year 2011.”
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“Pande (2003) finds that political reservations for low caste and tribal groups in state legislatures in India leads to an increase of public goods targeting these groups.”
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“…studies indicating that gender is an important indicator of policy preferences (e.g., Lott and Kenny, 1999; Edlund and Pande, 2002; Funk and Gathmann, 2008) and that female representation often significantly affects policy outcomes (e.g., Pande, 2003; Chattopadhyay and Duflo, 2004; Svaleryd, 2007).”
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“for ethnic minority groups in an assembly without distorting its political composition, the full electorate may choose among minority candidates for a number of reserved positions, as it is done in Indian elections ( Pande 2003 ).”
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Identity, Patronage, and Redistribution: Economic Inequality in Bolivia under Evo Morales
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“For example, Pande (2003) shows that the political reservation of seats in India to lower castes influence government budgetary allocations, while Brollo and Troiano (2016) find that female mayors in Brazil are less likely to engage in corrupt behavior.”
BackgroundDecentralization, Democracy and Allocation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Rural India
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“…and Burgess, 2002, Besley, Pande, and Rao, 2005, Besley, Pande, Rahman, and Rao, 2004, Burgess, Pande and Wong, 2005, Chattopadhay and Duflo, 2004a, 2004b, Chhibber and Nooruddin, 2004, Chhibber, Shastri, and Sisson, 2004, Foster and Rosenzweig, 2004, Gaiha, 2003, Greason, 2001, Pande, 2003).”
RACIAL REDISTRICTING FOR MINORITY REPRESENTATION WITHOUT PARTISAN BIAS: A THEORETICAL APPROACH
Nakao, K. (2011) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2010.00379.x · Cited by 9
Improving the Labor Market Outcomes of Minorities: The Role of Employment QuotaPreprint
Prakash, N. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1489209 · Cited by 9
“Pande (2003) finds that changing the political representation for scheduled tribes and scheduled castes does impact policy choices, which is consistent with policy preferences differing across social groups and politicians acting upon their preferences.”
BackgroundInfluentialLegislature Size and Welfare: Evidence from BrazilPreprint
Mignozzetti, U., & Cepaluni, G. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/8r97e · Cited by 9
The Spillover Effects of Affirmative Action on Competitiveness and Unethical BehaviorPreprint
Banerjee, R., Gupta, N. D., & Villeval, M. C. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2896596 · Cited by 9
Can political parties improve minority wellbeing? Evidence from India’s “Silent Revolution”
Aneja, A., & Ritadhi, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102931 · Cited by 8
A critical analysis of the policy potential for sustainable agriculture in India
Chauhan, N., & von Wehrden, H. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01032-z · Cited by 8
“The findings underscore the significance of diversified livelihood strategies, infrastructure advancements, and educational outreach, which were often underrepresented in prior analyses [47, 57].”
Negotiating autonomy in capacity development: Addressing the inherent tension
Rajeshwari, B., Deo, N., & van Wessel, M. (2020) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105046 · Cited by 8
Field Experiments: Correspondence Studies
Bertrand, M., & Duflo, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4166-5_16 · Cited by 8
Quest for Equality: Affirmative Action in India
Deshpande, A. (2008) · Indian journal of industrial relations · Cited by 8
Clientelism in the Public Sector
Bold, T., Molina, E., & Safir, A. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/26257 · Cited by 8
“Similarly, Pande (2003) finds that political reservations for disadvantaged castes increase redistribution towards them.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pande, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pande, Rohini
- ORCID
- Pande, Rohini
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1132-1151
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024464435
- Cited by
- 658
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 25.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Keywords
- political reservation, policy influence, policy commitment, representative democracy, affirmative action, social transfers, Indian states
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