Cited by 103Education during COVID-19 pandemicSchool Choice and PerformanceCOVID-19 Pandemic Impacts

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Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts

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Jack, Rebecca, Halloran, Clare, Okun, James, Oster, Emily·2023·American Economic Review: Insights

DOI 10.1257/aeri.20210748

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Abstract

We estimate the impact of district-level schooling mode (in-person versus hybrid or virtual learning) in the 2020–2021 school year on students’ pass rates on standardized tests in grades 3–8 across 11 states. Pass rates declined from 2019 to 2021: an average of 12.8 percentage points in math and 6.8 in English language arts (ELA). Focusing on within-state, within–commuting zone variation in schooling mode, we estimate that districts with full in-person learning had significantly smaller declines (13.4 pp in math, 8.3 in ELA). The value to in-person learning was larger for districts with larger populations of Black students. (JEL H75, I12, I18, I21, I28, J15)

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Authors: Jack, R., Halloran, C., Okun, J., & Oster, E.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Brown University (US)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
ORCID: Jack, Rebecca
Venue: American Economic Review: Insights
Publisher: American Economic Association
Published: 2023-06-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 2
Pages: 173-190
ISSN: 2640-205X (ISSN-L)
2640-2068
DOI: 10.1257/aeri.20210748
OpenAlex: W4379932759
Cited by: 103
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 21
FWCI: 71.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.aeaweb.org
Locations: American Economic Review Insights (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, in-person learning, hybrid learning, virtual learning, academic performance, school districts, commuting zones, Black students, 2020-2021 academic year

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Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts

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