The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach
Abstract
We survey the determinants of earnings and propose a framework for understanding labor market success. We suggest that the advantages of the children of successful parents go considerably beyond the benefits of superior education, the inheritance of wealth, or the genetic inheritance of cognitive ability. We suggest that noncognitive personality variables, such as attitudes towards risk, ability to adapt to new economic conditions, hard work, and the rate of time preference affect both earning and the transmission of economic status across generations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Coase, R. H. (1937) · Economica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x · Cited by 23,972
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META‐ANALYSIS
BARRICK, M. R., & MOUNT, M. K. (1991) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x · Cited by 8,689
Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors
Katz, L. F., & Murphy, K. M. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118323 · Cited by 4,793
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.2.262 · Cited by 4,180
Technical change, inequality, and the labor market
Acemoglu, D. (2002) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.40.1.7 · Cited by 1,767
Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: The role of age and income.
Green, L., Myerson, J., Lichtman, D., Rosen, S., & Fry, A. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.79 · Cited by 505
Devlin, B., Daniels, M., & Roeder, K. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41319 · Cited by 478
Verbal ability and socioeconomic success: A trend analysis
Hauser, R. M., & Huang, M.-H. (1997) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1006/ssre.1997.0604 · Cited by 117
Research works printed but not linked: 96
- Alderman Jere R, 1996, Oxford Bull. Econ. Statist., 29, 10.1111/j.1468-0084.1996.mp58001003.x · DOI
- 10.2307/146029 · DOI
- 10.2307/2109956 · DOI
- 10.2307/145493 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-9010.61.2.156 · DOI
- Ashenfelter Orley, 1994, Amer. Econ. Rev., 84, 1157
- 10.2307/146065 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2111879 · doi:10.2307/2111879
- 10.1162/003355397555334 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1086/261966 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2109862 · DOI · Paper page
- Bishop John, 1989, Amer. Econ. Rev., 79, 178
- 10.1086/298306 · DOI · Paper page
- Boissière M., 1985, Amer. Econ. Rev., 75, 1016
- 10.2307/1926312 · DOI
- 10.1086/259996 · DOI · Paper page
- Bowles Samuel, 1985, Amer. Econ. Rev., 75, 16
- Bowles Samuel, 2001, J. Econ. Perspect. forthcoming.
- 10.1257/aer.91.2.155 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1927525 · DOI
- 10.1086/298316 · DOI · Paper page
- Card David, 1995, Res. Lab. Econ., 23
- Card David, 1996, Gary Burtless, ed., 97
- Cawley James Heckman, 2000, Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf, eds., 230
- 10.2307/2525824 · DOI
- 10.2307/144957 · doi:10.2307/144957
- 10.2307/2576023 · doi:10.2307/2576023
- 10.1111/1468-0297.00141 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1086/468012 · DOI
- Duncan Greg J, 1998, Soc. Psych. Quart., 33
- Duncan Greg J, 1998, Res. Lab. Econ., 123
- 10.2307/145240 · DOI
- 10.1080/19485565.1968.9987747 · DOI
- Edwards Richard C, 1976, Ed. Psych. Measurement, 125
- 10.1086/298298 · doi:10.1086/298298
- Farber Henry S, 1996, Ind. Relat. Section, 1
- 10.2307/2580524 · DOI
- Filer Randall Keith, 1981, Res. Lab. Econ., 367
- Flynn James R, 2000, Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. K. Arrow, S. Bowles, and S. Durlauf, eds., 35
- 10.2307/146293 · DOI
- 10.1080/00223980.1994.9914917 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0059438 · DOI
- Gintis Herbert, 1971, Amer. Econ. Rev., 61, 266
- 10.1177/048661347600800203 · DOI
- 10.1016/0889-1583(87)90004-9 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/juec.1998.2098 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00415-4 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01966.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1468-0084.00093 · doi:10.1111/1468-0084.00093
- 10.1086/259988 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/146120 · DOI · Paper page
- Hamermesh Daniel, 1994, Amer. Econ. Rev., 84, 1174
- Hansen W., 1970, Amer. Econ. Rev., 60, 409
- 10.1086/259990 · DOI
- 10.2307/3003318 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/reec.1999.0225 · DOI · Paper page
- Heckman Anne, 1996, Gary Burtless, ed., 192
- 10.1016/0001-8791(86)90013-8 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1073/pnas.60.4.1330 · DOI
- 10.1086/261881 · DOI · Paper page
- Kane Thomas, 1995, Amer. Econ. Rev., 85, 600
- 10.2307/2094991 · DOI
- Lally J., 1988, Parent Education as Early Childhood Intervention. D. Powell, ed. Ablex Norwood., 79
- Lavy Jennifer Spratt, 1997, Compar. Ed. Rev., 41, 2
- Loh Eng Seng, 1993, Soc. Sci. Quart., 420
- 10.2307/3324110 · DOI
- 10.1177/001979399404700206 · DOI
- 10.1086/250108 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2109863 · DOI · Paper page
- Nelson Richard R, 1966, Amer. Econ. Rev., 69
- 10.2466/pr0.1980.46.3.783 · DOI
- 10.1257/jep.4.4.25 · DOI · Paper page
- Parsons Talcott, 1959, Harvard Ed. Rev., 297
- 10.2307/2094291 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.518 · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.518 · Paper page
- Register Charles, 1990, Soc. Sci. Quart., 130
- 10.1007/BF02690041 · DOI
- Rosenzweig Mark R, 1995, Amer. Econ. Rev. (Papers & Proceedings), 85, 153
- Rotter J. B., 1966, Psych. Monographs, 80, 609
- 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262 · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01099.x · DOI
- Schultz T. W., 1975, J. Econ. Lit., 872
- Schwartz Aba, 1971, J. Human Res., 194
- Seitz V., 1990, Annals of Child Development, 7
- 10.2307/2093379 · DOI · Paper page
- Shapiro Carl, 1984, Amer. Econ. Rev., 74, 433
- 10.1080/01459740.1991.9966050 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.260 · DOI · Paper page
- Solon Gary R, 1992, Amer. Econ. Rev., 82, 393
- 10.1037/0003-066X.50.11.912 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.11.912 · Paper page
- Strunkard A. J., 1993, New England J. Med. 329.
- Tett Robert P, 1991, Personnel Psych., 703, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00696.x · DOI · Paper page
- Thorndike Edward L, 1919, Harper's Monthly, 227
- 10.2307/3033481 · DOI
- 10.1086/259599 · DOI · Paper page
- Zimmerman David J, 1992, Amer. Econ. Rev., 82, 409
Cited by
School readiness and later achievement.
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., Pagani, L. S., Feinstein, L., Engel, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., et al. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428 · Cited by 5,439
The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/504455 · Cited by 4,427
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014 · Cited by 2,007
Technical change, inequality, and the labor market
Acemoglu, D. (2002) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.40.1.7 · Cited by 1,767
Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation
Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.738 · Cited by 1,468
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowles, S., Gintis, H., & Osborne, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Literature
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2001-12-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1137-1176
- ISSN
- 0022-0515 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1987724300
- Cited by
- 1,115
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 76.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/jel.39.4.1137
- The paper
- Bowles, S., Gintis, H., & Osborne, M. (2001). The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach. Journal of Economic Literature. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.39.4.1137
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.