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Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about environmental causes and contributing factors for autism. Basic science and epidemiologic research suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation may play a role in disease development. Traffic-related air pollution, a common exposure with established effects on these pathways, contains substances found to have adverse prenatal effects. OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between autism and proximity of residence to freeways and major roadways during pregnancy and near the time of delivery, as a surrogate for air pollution exposure. METHODS: Data were from 304 autism cases and 259 typically developing controls enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. The mother's address recorded on the birth certificate and trimester-specific addresses derived from a residential history obtained by questionnaire were geocoded, and measures of distance to freeways and major roads were calculated using ArcGIS software. Logistic regression models compared residential proximity to freeways and major roads for autism cases and typically developing controls. RESULTS: Adjusting for sociodemographic factors and maternal smoking, maternal residence at the time of delivery was more likely be near a freeway (≤ 309 m) for cases than for controls [odds ratio (OR)=1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-3.45]. Autism was also associated with residential proximity to a freeway during the third trimester (OR=2.22; CI, 1.16-4.42). After adjustment for socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics, these associations were unchanged. Living near other major roads at birth was not associated with autism. CONCLUSIONS: Living near a freeway was associated with autism. Examination of associations with measured air pollutants is needed.
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“Thus, residential proximity to freeways in California within 309 m during the third trimester of pregnancy and at birth was found associated with a risk of ASD about twofold higher (88).”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
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“Although confounding by such family social characteristics was expected, the degree of this confounding was not strong and acted in opposite directions across studies, attenuating ORs in some studies71,72 and producing elevated ORs in other studies.73,74”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [71]
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“Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides ( Tables 1–2 ) [ 52–62 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Volk, H. E., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Delwiche, L., Lurmann, F., & McConnell, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Sonoma Technology (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Volk, Heather E.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2010-12-16
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 873-877
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC3114825
- OpenAlex
- W2000262719
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 14.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 2570 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R-833292, 833292, RD831861)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RD831861)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES019002, ES019002, L40 ES020599, ES015359, ES013578, R01ES015359, ES007048, ES009581, P01ES011269, ES11269, P01ES009581, P30ES007048)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, traffic-related air pollution, prenatal exposure, third trimester, childhood autism, environmental risk factors, oxidative stress, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Autistic Disorder, Vehicle Emissions, California, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Residence Characteristics, Urban Health, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Geographic Information Systems
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