CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 411Urban Transport and AccessibilityObesity, Physical Activity, DietUrban Green Space and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Neighborhood Food Environment and Walkability Predict Obesity in New York City

Open access
Rundle, Andrew, Neckerman, Kathryn M., Freeman, Lance, Lovasi, Gina S., Purciel, Marnie, Quinn, James, Richards, Catherine, Sircar, Neelanjan, Weiss, Christopher·2009·Environmental Health Perspectives
DOI 10.1289/ehp.11590PMC PMC2661915
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Differences in the neighborhood food environment may contribute to disparities in obesity. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of neighborhood food environments with body mass index (BMI) and obesity after control for neighborhood walkability. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional, multilevel analysis of BMI and obesity among 13,102 adult residents of New York City. We constructed measures of the food environment and walkability for the neighborhood, defined as a half-mile buffer around the study subject’s home address. Results: Density of BMI-healthy food outlets (supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and natural food stores) was inversely associated with BMI. Mean adjusted BMI was similar in the first two quintiles of healthy food density (0 and 1.13 stores/km2, respectively), but declined across the three higher quintiles and was 0.80 units lower [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27–1.32] in the fifth quintile (10.98 stores/km2) than in the first. The prevalence ratio for obesity comparing the fifth quintile of healthy food density with the lowest two quintiles combined was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78–0.97). These associations remained after control for two neighborhood walkability measures, population density and land-use mix. The prevalence ratio for obesity for the fourth versus first quartile of population density was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73–0.96) and for land-use mix was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86–0.97). Increasing density of food outlets categorized as BMI-unhealthy was not significantly associated with BMI or obesity. Conclusions: Access to BMI-healthy food stores is associated with lower BMI and lower prevalence of obesity.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1289/ehp.11590

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Density of BMI-healthy food outlets in New York City: Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) map illustrating the density of BMI-healthy food outlets. This KDE continuous surface was created with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst (ESRI, Redlands, CA), which uses a distance decay quadratic kernel function. Input processing parameters included a half-mile bandwidth and 1,545 discrete points representing the locations of supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and natural food stores.
Figure 1 Density of BMI-healthy food outlets in New York City: Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) map illustrating the density of BMI-healthy food outlets. This KDE continuous surface was created with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst (ESRI, Redlands, CA), which uses a distance decay quadratic kernel function. Input processing parameters included a half-mile bandwidth and 1,545 discrete points representing the locations of supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and natural food stores.CC0 · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Adjusted mean BMI (± 95% CI) by BMI-healthy food density quintiles. Analysis is adjusted for the density of BMI-intermediate and BMI-unhealthy food outlets and for age, sex, race/ ethnicity, education, neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, and population density.
Figure 2 Adjusted mean BMI (± 95% CI) by BMI-healthy food density quintiles. Analysis is adjusted for the density of BMI-intermediate and BMI-unhealthy food outlets and for age, sex, race/ ethnicity, education, neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, and population density.CC0 · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 39 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Abdollah, 2007, A strict order for fast food, Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, CA), A-1
  2. Graham, 2006, Eating In, Eating Out, Eating Well: Access to Healthy Food in North and Central Brooklyn
  3. Marter, 2007, Farmers markets go wild, Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia)
  4. Wallis, 2004, The obesity warriors, Time Magazine, 92

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 407

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Rundle, A., Neckerman, K. M., Freeman, L., Lovasi, G. S., Purciel, M., Quinn, J., Richards, C., Sircar, N., & Weiss, C.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University (US)
  • Institute for Social and Economic Research (GB)
  • Urban Planning, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation and
Corresponding author
Rundle, Andrew
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2008-10-02
Volume
117
Issue
3
Pages
442-447
ISSN
  • 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-9924
DOI
10.1289/ehp.11590
PMC
PMC2661915
OpenAlex
W1974306396
Cited by
411
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 40
FWCI
37.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01es014229-04)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES014229, 5R01ES014229)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Keywords
neighborhood food environment, walkability, obesity, body mass index, food deserts, population density, mixed land use, food access disparities, New York City
MeSH terms
Cross-Sectional Studies, Environment, Geography, Humans, New York City, Obesity, Urban Population, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Walking, Food, Organic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review