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Cited by 1,059Food Security and Health in Diverse PopulationsHealth disparities and outcomesUrban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies

Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States

Powell, Lisa M., Slater, Sandy, Mirtcheva, Donka, Bao, Yanjun, Chaloupka, Frank J.·2007·Preventive Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.008
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Abstract

Objective This study provides a multivariate analysis of the availability of food store outlets in the US and associations with neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES).Method Commercial food store outlet data are linked across 28,050 zip codes to Census 2000 data. Multivariate regression analyses are used to examine associations between the availability of chain supermarkets, non-chain supermarkets, grocery stores and convenience stores and neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and SES including additional controls for population size, urbanization and region.Results Low-income neighborhoods have fewer chain supermarkets with only 75% (p<0.01) of that available in middle-income neighborhoods. Even after controlling for income and other covariates, the availability of chain supermarkets in African American neighborhoods is only 52% (p<0.01) of that in White neighborhoods with even less relative availability in urban areas. Hispanic neighborhoods have only 32% (p<0.01) as many chain supermarkets compared to non-Hispanic neighborhoods. Non-chain supermarkets and grocery stores are more prevalent in low-income and minority neighborhoods.Conclusion The study results highlight the importance of various potential public policy measures for improving access to supermarkets that may serve to reduce systematic local area barriers that are shown to exist by race, ethnicity and income.

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  • In a national study of >28,000 US ZIP codes, low-income neighborhoods had fewer chain supermarkets than middle-income neighborhoods, although they also had more nonchain supermarkets and grocery stores.

    “For example, in a national study of >28,000 US ZIP codes, Powell et al found that low-income neighborhoods had fewer chain supermarkets than middle-income neighborhoods, although they also had more nonchain supermarkets and grocery stores.333”

    From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [333]

  • After adjustment for income and other covariates, predominantly black communities had about half (52%, P<0.01) as many chain supermarkets as predominantly white communities, and predominantly Latino communities had approximately one third (32%, P<0.01) as many as largely non-Latino communities.

    “After adjustment for income and other covariates, predominantly black communities had about half (52%, P<0.01) as many chain supermarkets as predominantly white communities, and predominantly Latino communities had approximately one third (32%, P<0.01) as many as did largely non-Latino communities.”

    From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [333]

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Authors
Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Mirtcheva, D., Bao, Y., & Chaloupka, F. J.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Powell, Lisa M.
ORCID
Venue
Preventive Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-03
Volume
44
Issue
3
Pages
189-195
ISSN
0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.008
OpenAlex
W2056260208
Cited by
1,059
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 82
FWCI
68.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
Keywords
food store availability, food deserts, supermarket chains, grocery stores, convenience stores, neighborhood characteristics, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, low-income communities, African American neighborhoods, Hispanic neighborhoods, urbanization, healthy food access, food retail policy
MeSH terms
Diet, Humans, Income, Minority Groups, Postal Service, Poverty Areas, Public Policy, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Urban Health, Health Behavior, Multivariate Analysis, Small-Area Analysis, Censuses, Food Industry, Marketing

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