The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature.
Open accessAbstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer with estrogenic activity that is used in the production of food packaging, dental sealants, polycarbonate plastic, and many other products. The monomer has previously been reported to hydrolyze and leach from these products under high heat and alkaline conditions, and the amount of leaching increases as a function of use. We examined whether new and used polycarbonate animal cages passively release bioactive levels of BPA into water at room temperature and neutral pH. Purified water was incubated at room temperature in new polycarbonate and polysulfone cages and used (discolored) polycarbonate cages, as well as control (glass and used polypropylene) containers. The resulting water samples were characterized with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and tested for estrogenic activity using an MCF-7 human breast cancer cell proliferation assay. Significant estrogenic activity, identifiable as BPA by GC/MS (up to 310 micro g/L), was released from used polycarbonate animal cages. Detectable levels of BPA were released from new polycarbonate cages (up to 0.3 micro g/L) as well as new polysulfone cages (1.5 micro g/L), whereas no BPA was detected in water incubated in glass and used polypropylene cages. Finally, BPA exposure as a result of being housed in used polycarbonate cages produced a 16% increase in uterine weight in prepubertal female mice relative to females housed in used polypropylene cages, although the difference was not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that laboratory animals maintained in polycarbonate and polysulfone cages are exposed to BPA via leaching, with exposure reaching the highest levels in old cages.
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Cites
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Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty
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“For example, prenatal exposure to low doses of BPA resulted in accelerated growth and timing of puberty (Honma et al. 2002; Howdeshell et al. 1999), altered estrogen receptor expression patterns in the vagina (Schönfelder et al.”
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Cited by
Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses
Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs, D. R., Lee, D.-H., Shioda, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., Welshons, W. V., et al. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2011-1050 · Cited by 3,209
Self-citationIn vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies
Richter, C. A., Birnbaum, L. S., Farabollini, F., Newbold, R. R., Rubin, B. S., Talsness, C. E., Vandenbergh, J. G., Walser-Kuntz, D. R., & vom Saal, F. S. (2007) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004 · Cited by 1,147
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Timms, B. G., Howdeshell, K. L., Barton, L., Bradley, S., Richter, C. A., & vom Saal, F. S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502544102 · Cited by 394
Self-citationWagner, M., & Oehlmann, J. (2009) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0107-7 · Cited by 343
Metadata
- Authors
- Howdeshell, K. L., Peterman, P. H., Judy, B. M., Taylor, J. A., Orazio, C. E., Ruhlen, R. L., Vom Saal, F. S., & Welshons, W. V.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1180-1187
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2090133455
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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