Effect of vitamin supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome and key pathways implicated in its development: A Mendelian randomization study
Open accessAbstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and the leading contributor to cancer-related deaths. The progression and metastasis of HCC are closely associated with altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress response. Mitokines, soluble proteins produced and secreted in response to mitochondrial stress, play an essential immunomodulatory role. Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option for HCC. However, a positive response to therapy is typically dependent on the interaction of tumor cells with immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, exploring the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of mitokines in HCC is essential for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the association between HCC and the immune microenvironment and highlights recent progress in understanding the involvement of mitochondrial function in preserving liver function. In addition, a systematic review of mitokines-mediated immunomodulation in HCC is presented. Finally, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of mitokines in HCC are prospected and summarized. Recent progress in mitokine research represents a new prospect for mitochondrial therapy. Considering the potential of mitokines to regulate immune function, investigating them as a relevant molecular target holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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A recent Mendelian randomization study found a causal relationship between plasma levels of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 and reduced risks associated with PCOS.
“The results of a recent Mendelian randomization study have drawn attention to the fact that there is a causal relationship between the plasma levels of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 and the reduced risks associated with PCOS.”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [133]
The Conclusion says the MR analysis suggests that higher levels of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 are causally related to a reduced risk of PCOS or pathways implicated in its development. The Abstract’s Results report reduced PCOS risk specifically for E and B12; findings for the other vitamins concern associated pathways. The citing sentence presents the causal relationship as a fact rather than the study’s suggested finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDeficiency of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 increases likelihood of developing insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, key pathways in PCOS pathophysiology.
“If a person had a deficiency of these vitamins, they were more likely to develop insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity which are key pathways involved in the pathophysiology of PCOS [133].”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [133]
The Results (pages not provided) link higher vitamin E levels to lower insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia risk, higher vitamin A and D levels to lower hyperlipidemia risk, and higher B12 levels to lower obesity risk. The Introduction and Methods identify these outcomes as pathways related to PCOS. But the paper does not find that deficiency in each listed vitamin increases the likelihood of all three outcomes; it reports no link between B12 and insulin resistance or hyperlipidemia, for example, and studies genetically predicted vitamin levels rather than diagnosed deficiencies. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased vitamin B12 levels are associated with lower risk of PCOS and obesity, showing potential in moderation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
“The association of increased B12 levels with a lower risk of PCOS and obesity has shown the potential of this vitamin in the moderation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways.”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [133]
The Results section on vitamin B12 reports that genetically predicted higher B12 levels were associated with lower risks of PCOS and obesity. It does not establish that B12 moderates metabolic or inflammatory pathways; it reports no correlation with insulin resistance or hyperlipidemia. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLow-GI diets improve ovulatory regulation, menstrual regularity, and fertility in women with PCOS.
“It has been noted that low-GI diets are successful in bringing about ovulatory regulation, improving menstrual regularity, and increasing the fertility of women with PCOS.”
From Nutritional and herbal interventions for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a comprehensive review of dietary approaches, macronutrient impact, and herbal medicine in management (2025) · cites this paper as [133]
The Introduction recommends lifestyle modification for PCOS generally, while the Methods and Discussion address vitamin levels and metabolic outcomes. Searches for low-GI diets, ovulation, menstrual regularity, and fertility found no passage in our copy connecting a low-GI diet to the claimed outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Shen, J.-Y., Xu, L., Ding, Y., & Wu, X.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Huzhou Women and Children's Hospital (CN)
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Journal of Clinical Cases
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2023-08-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 5468-5478
- ISSN
- 2307-8960 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10450375
- OpenAlex
- W4385823576
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Journal of Clinical Cases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, vitamin supplementation, hepatocellular carcinoma, mitokines, mitochondrial stress response, tumor microenvironment, immunomodulation, immunotherapy, mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial therapy
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