B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review
Open accessAbstract
The B-vitamins comprise a group of eight water soluble vitamins that perform essential, closely inter-related roles in cellular functioning, acting as co-enzymes in a vast array of catabolic and anabolic enzymatic reactions. Their collective effects are particularly prevalent to numerous aspects of brain function, including energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis/repair, genomic and non-genomic methylation, and the synthesis of numerous neurochemicals and signaling molecules. However, human epidemiological and controlled trial investigations, and the resultant scientific commentary, have focused almost exclusively on the small sub-set of vitamins (B9/B12/B6) that are the most prominent (but not the exclusive) B-vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism. Scant regard has been paid to the other B vitamins. This review describes the closely inter-related functions of the eight B-vitamins and marshals evidence suggesting that adequate levels of all members of this group of micronutrients are essential for optimal physiological and neurological functioning. Furthermore, evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.
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Accumulated homocysteine is a suspected risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia, although this point remains controversial.
“which is a suspected risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia, although this point remains controversial [94,171,172].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [94]
Supplementation with 250 mg niacin attenuated the disturbed sleep architecture associated with Parkinson disease, probably through normalization of niacin receptor function.
“Supplementation with 250 mg niacin (vitamin B3) was found to attenuate the disturbed sleep architecture associated with Parkinson disease, probably through a normalization of the function of niacin receptors; quoted in [94].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [94]
In adults, available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations.
“In adults, the available data suggest an improvement of psychological and cognitive functions following multiple supplementations, based on several reviews [94,217] and on meta-analyses of intervention trials addressing mood and psychological state [218,219].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [94]
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- Authors
- Kennedy, D.
- Affiliations
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kennedy, David
- ORCID
- Kennedy, David
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-01-27
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 68
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4772032
- OpenAlex
- W2268479893
- Cited by
- 1,055
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 9.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- B vitamins, brain function, vitamin deficiency, homocysteine metabolism, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, DNA methylation, coenzymes, brain health, micronutrient supplementation, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin B Deficiency
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