Animal-Assisted Therapy in Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Abstract
Reviews of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) research suggest the need for better controlled and designed research studies to supplement the many case studies and anecdotal reports. This study reports the results of such an investigation where sixty-nine male and female psychiatric inpatients were randomized to either an AAT psychiatric rehabilitation group or a similarly conducted control group without AAT, to test if AAT can improve prosocial behaviors. The Social Behavior Scale was scored daily by an independent rater and patients were monitored for four weeks. A two-group by weeks repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted for each outcome measure. There were no baseline differences between the two groups on demographics or any of the measures, but by week four, patients in the AAT group were significantly more interactive with other patients, scored higher on measures of smiles and pleasure, were more sociable and helpful with others, and were more active and responsive to surroundings. These data suggest that AAT plays an important role in enhancing the benefits of conventional therapy, and demonstrates the benefit of including a non-AAT group for comparison. The study also demonstrates the importance of using longitudinal, repeated measure designs. Previous studies may have failed to find significant effects because they were restricted to shorter intervals for measuring outcomes.
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Significant improvements have been seen with therapeutic alliance, engagement, interpersonal socialisation or trust, acute anxious arousal (distress), and functioning.
“Significant improvements have been seen with therapeutic alliance [37] engagement [39], interpersonal socialisation or trust [38], acute anxious arousal (distress) [34, 39], and functioning [31].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Adults hospitalised for substance dependence demonstrated increased interpersonal socialisation.
“Adults hospitalised for substance dependence demonstrated increased therapeutic alliance [37] and interpersonal socialisation [38].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
The canine's ability to increase calm, self-soothing and feelings of attachment may explain the findings on engagement and socialisation [38, 39, 56, 75, 76, 87].
“These findings may be a product of the canine’s ability to increase calm, self-soothing and feelings of attachment [38, 39, 56, 75, 76, 87]”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Positive, pro-social engagements such as talking and showing affection were reported by a number of the authors [56, 71, 72, 75, 76] and are consistent with the existing literature [38, 39].
“Positive, pro-social engagements such as talking and showing affection were reported by a number of the authors [56, 71, 72, 75, 76] and are consistent with the existing literature [38, 39].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Only one of the four studies comparing AAIs with active interventions used a randomized controlled design.
“however, only one of these studies (marr et al. 2000) used a randomized controlled design.”
From A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Psychosocial Outcomes (2015) · cites this paper as marr et al. 2000
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Silva, V., & González-Ramírez, M. G. (2017) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2017.07.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contalbrigo, L., Santis, M. D., Toson, M., Montanaro, M., Farina, L., Costa, A. M., & Nava, F. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27143-5_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Two Sides of the Non-Human-Animal Bond: Reflections on Using and Abusing Companion Animals
Pręgowski, M. P., Hediger, K., & Enders‐Slegers, M. (2022) · The Palgrave Macmillan animal ethics series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85277-1_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychologische Aspekte von Berührung
Müller, S. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64012-8_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Marr, C. A., French, L., Thompson, D., Drum, L., Greening, G., Mormon, J., Henderson, I., & Hughes, C. W.
- Affiliations
- Terrell State Hospital, Terrell, Texas, USA
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, Carroll W.
- Venue
- Anthrozoös
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-47
- ISSN
- 0892-7936 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-0377
- OpenAlex
- W1964955648
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anthrozoös (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Conservation › Art Therapy and Mental Health
- Keywords
- animal-assisted therapy, psychiatric rehabilitation, psychiatric inpatients, prosocial behavior, social behavior, patient interaction, longitudinal study design, study design limitations
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