The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Side Effects of Minocycline Treatment in Patients With Fragile X Syndrome and Exploration of Outcome Measures
Open accessAbstract
Minocycline can rescue the dendritic spine and synaptic structural abnormalities in the fragile X knock-out mouse. This is a review and preliminary survey to document side effects and potential outcome measures for minocycline use in the treatment of individuals with fragile X syndrome. We surveyed 50 patients with fragile X syndrome who received minocycline for at least 2 weeks and found that the most common reported side effect is gastrointestinal difficulty, including loss of appetite. The families reported an improvement in language and behavioral areas. Outcome measures in the design of future randomized clinical trials should include both behavioral and language measures. As with any other treatments, we emphasize that randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of minocycline in fragile X syndrome.
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“This work stimulated a survey study of families whose children were treated with minocycline, and 70% noted an improvement in behavior or language (126).”
From Fragile X syndrome: causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2012) · cites this paper as [126]
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Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · cited 3×
“…evaluation and use of standardized measures, including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000) and/or the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al., 1994) in addition to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual—DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria.”
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · cited 2×
“%) cases, respectively, after a team evaluation and use of standardized measures, including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000) and/or the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al., 1994) in addition to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual—DSM-IV-TR (American…”
Danbolt, N. C. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00067-8 · Cited by 4,227 · cited 2×
“glutamate to protect neurons from toxicity via the excitatory amino acid transporters (Bergles & Jahr, 1998; Danbolt, 2001).”
How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior
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“First described in cancer research and immunology, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in the extracellular degradation of proteins (Sternlicht & Werb, 2001).”
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“This syndrome is caused by a CGG repeat expansion located in 5’ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene (Verkerk et al., 1991).”
The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation
Bear, M. F., Huber, K. M., & Warren, S. T. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.009 · Cited by 1,580
Fragile X Syndrome: Loss of Local mRNA Regulation Alters Synaptic Development and Function
Bassell, G. J., & Warren, S. T. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.004 · Cited by 1,051 · cited 1×
“FMRP usually inhibits the translation of many other messages that are important for synaptic plasticity leading to the immature dendritic spines in fragile X syndrome (Bassell & Warren, 2008).”
Stirling, D. P., Khodarahmi, K., Liu, J., McPhail, L. T., McBride, C. B., Steeves, J. D., Ramer, M. S., & Tetzlaff, W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5275-03.2004 · Cited by 506 · cited 1×
“…(Kriz, Nguyn, & Julien, 2002), Huntington’s disease (Bantubungi et al., 2005), Alzheimer’s disease (Choi et al., 2007; Noble et al., 2009), stroke (Liu et al., 2007), traumatic brain injury (Lee et al., 2003), and spinal cord injury (Stirling et al., 2004; Well, Hulbert, Fehling, & Yong, 2003).”
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“…have been studied in animal models of fragile X and have been shown to have a beneficial effect on seizures, cognition, and behavior in the FMR1 knock-out mice (de Vrij et al., 2008), as well as behavior, life span, and brain structure in Drosophila model of fragile X (McBride et al., 2005).”
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Items 101–105 of 105
Oligodendroglia and myelin pathology in fragile X syndrome
Hourani, S., & Pouladi, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16144 · Cited by 1
“…its activity pharmacologically alleviates key physiological and behavioral FXS phenotypes, including dendritic spine abnormalities, anxiety, and overall cognition (Bilousova et al., 2009; Leigh et al., 2013; Paribello et al., 2010; Rotschafer et al., 2012; Sidhu et al., 2014; Utari et al., 2010).”
Fragile X clinical features and neurobiology
Leigh, M. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19041-4.00036-4
Self-citationInvolvement of mGluR5/Homer crosstalk disruption in the pathophysiology of Fragile X Syndrome
Aloisi, E. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e628d840zb6adz4e63z9d1fz71559b23fe24
“FXS receiving minocycline treatment for at least 2 weeks showed improvements in cognition, language, and behavior (Utari et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPell, S. F., Blandin, K. J., Bradish, T. R., Lau, C. V., Santana‐Coelho, D., Wallis, M., Kelley, C. W., Thayil, J. J., Smelley, A., Cheliah, G., et al. (2026) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci7030055
“In human uncontrolled clinical trials of FXS patients, minocycline has shown promise in improving language, attention, and social communication [55].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Utari, A., Chonchaiya, W., Rivera, S. M., Schneider, A., Hagerman, R. J., Faradz, S. M. H., Ethell, I. M., & Nguyen, D. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Diponegoro University (ID)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-09-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 433-443
- ISSN
- 1944-7558 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7515
- PMC
- PMC4031088
- OpenAlex
- W2134986933
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (90DD05969)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD036071, HD 02274, P30HD002274, R01HD036071)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- minocycline, fragile X syndrome, adverse drug reactions, gastrointestinal adverse effects, appetite loss, language outcomes, behavioral effects, outcome measures, randomized controlled trials, tetracycline antibiotics, synaptic abnormalities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Minocycline, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Neuroprotective Agents, Young Adult
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