Cited by 3,959Protease and Inhibitor MechanismsTGF-β signaling in diseasesBlood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms

How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior

Open access
Sternlicht, Mark D., Werb, Zena·2001·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Abstract

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a multigene family of over 25 secreted and cell surface enzymes that process or degrade numerous pericellular substrates. Their targets include other proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, clotting factors, chemotactic molecules, latent growth factors, growth factor-binding proteins, cell surface receptors, cell-cell adhesion molecules, and virtually all structural extracellular matrix proteins. Thus MMPs are able to regulate many biologic processes and are closely regulated themselves. We review recent advances that help to explain how MMPs work, how they are controlled, and how they influence biologic behavior. These advances shed light on how the structure and function of the MMPs are related and on how their transcription, secretion, activation, inhibition, localization, and clearance are controlled. MMPs participate in numerous normal and abnormal processes, and there are new insights into the key substrates and mechanisms responsible for regulating some of these processes in vivo. Our knowledge in the field of MMP biology is rapidly expanding, yet we still do not fully understand how these enzymes regulate most processes of development, homeostasis, and disease.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.463

Cites

238 of 238 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Macrophages regulate ECM content and remodeling by secretion of proteases and inhibitors, such as MMPs and TIMPs.

    “In the final phase of healing, macrophages also regulate ECM content and remodeling by secretion of proteases and their inhibitors, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) [75–77].”

    From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says macrophages secrete MMP12, MMPs remodel the ECM, and TIMPs are secreted inhibitors of MMPs. It does not establish that macrophages secrete TIMPs or that this regulation occurs specifically in the final phase of healing. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • MMPs can affect cell behavior by cleaving circulating, cell surface and pericellular molecules.

    “MMPs also can affect cell behavior by cleaving circulating, cell surface and pericellular molecules.”

    From Foreign body reaction to biomaterials (2008) · cites this paper as [138]

  • MMPs can facilitate release of cell surface and matrix bound growth factors and cytokines and can also cleave cell surface receptors.

    “MMPs can facilitate release of cell surface and matrix bound growth factors and cytokines and can also cleave cell surface receptors.”

    From Foreign body reaction to biomaterials (2008) · cites this paper as [138]

  • MMPs are proteolytic proteins that hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix.

    “Matrix metalloproteinases are proteolytic proteins that hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix.”

    From Foreign body reaction to biomaterials (2008) · cites this paper as [138]

  • MMPs directly influence the composition of the ECM and in turn can impact cell movement, growth, differentiation and survival.

    “MMPs directly influence the composition of the ECM and in turn can impact cell movement, growth, differentiation and survival.[138]”

    From Foreign body reaction to biomaterials (2008) · cites this paper as [138]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Fingleton B, Vargo T, Crawford HC, Matrisian LM. Matrilysin (MMP-7) expression selects for apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 1999;17:769. (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
  2. Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinase substrate binding domains, modules and exosites. In: Clark IM, editor. Matrix Metalloproteinase Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 2001. pp. 79–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sternlicht, M. D., & Werb, Z.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Venue
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Published
2001-11
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
463-516
ISSN
  • 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
  • 1530-8995
OpenAlex
W2128049766
Cited by
3,959
References
238
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 148 · 2015: 163 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 195 · 2012: 200
FWCI
11.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (CA37395, CA72006, P01CA072006, CA-58207, R37CA037395, P50CA058207, R01CA037395)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
Keywords
matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix degradation, MMP regulation, MMP activation, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, MMP secretion, cell behavior, adhesion molecules, protease inhibitors
MeSH terms
Animals, Bone and Bones, Cell Communication, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Neoplasms, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases, Matrix Metalloproteinases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review