The role of reciprocity in romantic relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence
Abstract
Little is known about romantic involvement in middle childhood. Research involving late-childhood and adolescent youths indicates increasing romantic involvement with age. In the present sample (N = 1,510), though, middle-childhood youths were more likely than adolescents to report having a boyfriend or girlfriend. In addition, for a subset of the sample reporting romantic involvement with a classmate, the reciprocity of the relationships was examined. The high frequency of middle-childhood youths reporting romantic involvement may be explained in part by the relatively high frequency of nonreciprocal relationships among middle-childhood youths. Adjustment differences were also found between youths with reciprocal and nonreciprocal romantic relationships with classmates. Having a reciprocal romantic relationship was related to being well liked and perceived as “popular” by peers, whereas having a nonreciprocal romantic relationship was related to depression and anxiety. These findings speak to the importance of considering reciprocity in romantic relationships.
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For many adolescents, dating is a way to achieve social status and validation from peers.
“For many adolescents, dating is a way to achieve social status and validation from peers (Carlson and Rose 2007), and having a romantic partner has been identified as a consistent factor shielding against loneliness (Luhmann and Hawkley 2016).”
From Patterns of Romantic Relationship Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment From Adolescence to Young Adulthood (2021) · cites this paper as Carlson and Rose 2007
One recent study found that friendship buffers affective and neural responses to social exclusion in adolescents who experienced early adversity.
“However, one recent study found that friendship buffers affective and neural responses to social exclusion in adolescents who experienced early adversity.(130)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
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“Importantly, research has shown that popular adolescents are more likely than their less-popular peers to report reciprocated romantic interests (Carlson and Rose 2007), and they are more likely to be sexually active (de Bruyn et al.”
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“Due to socio-cognitive immaturity combined with lack of experience, early adolescent boys and girls are likely to engage in unreciprocated or one-sided desired romantic relationships (Carlson and Rose 2007).”
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“The study was approved by the Health-Related Research Ethics Committee (ETH2021-0227), Edge Hill University, UK; the Psychology Research Ethics Committee (21-237) (University of Bath, UK); and the Health Sciences and Science Research Ethics Board (H-10-21-7549), University of Ottawa, Canada.”
BackgroundKleiser, M., & Mayeux, L. (2022) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316221105604 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Indeed, research has shown that adolescents with romantic relationship experience are more likely to be popular than those who do not (Arnocky & Vaillancourt, 2012; Carlson & Rose, 2007).”
BackgroundBocskor, Á. (2021) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211012815 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…behavior (e.g., Franken et al., 2017; Mayeux et al., 2008), physical attractiveness (e.g., Adler et al., 1992; Vaillancourt & Hymel, 2006), involvement in romantic relationships (e.g., Carlson & Rose, 2007), prosociality (e.g., Dijkstra et al., 2009), and extraversion (e.g., Wolters et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChildhood: Cognitive Development
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Loeb, E. L., Kansky, J., Narr, R. K., Fowler, C., & Allen, J. P. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619899477 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We also did not have access to information on whether the reported romantic relationships were reciprocal, and we know that adolescents with reciprocal relationships tend to be better adjusted than those with nonreciprocal relationships (Carlson & Rose, 2007).”
BackgroundBonilla‐Algovia, E., Carpio, C. C., Rivas‐Rivero, E., & Izquierdo-Sotorrío, E. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241228767 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Engaging in a romantic relationship can signi fi cantly in-fl uence an individual ’ s sense of belonging and status within their peer group (Carlson & Rose, 2007).”
BackgroundSiegler, R. S., Eisenberg, N., DeLoache, J. S., & Saffran, J. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47028-2_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Una aproximación al significado del amor en una población infantil en Lima, Perú
Ventura‐León, J., Sánchez‐Villena, A. R., Barboza-Palomino, M., Curahua-Guillén, K., & Oros, L. B. (2021) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2022.25.1.5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Predictors of romantic partner nomination reciprocity in adolescent social networks
Fitch, K. V., Copeland, M., & adams, J. (2023) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2023.10.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
NAZLI, E., & Karaman, Ö. (2021) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.955037 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Blooming Sexuality: A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Adolescent Romantic and Sexual Development
Baams, L. (2010) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Informal Status Among Adolescents: A Literature Review
Bocskor, Á. (2021) · Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.14267/cjssp.2021.2.7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chapitre 8. Les relations amoureuses à l’adolescence
Connolly, J., Heifetz, M., & Boislard, M.-A. (2014) · Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pum.5184 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carter, R. (2009) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi09082403
“example, in a cross-sectional study of third, fifth, seventh, and ninth grade youths (N = 1510), Carlson and Rose (2007) found that youths with nonreciprocal relationships compared to youths with reciprocal relationships and no relationships reported significantly higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms.”
BackgroundInfluentialAre adults’ love and hate more advanced?
Breslav, G. (2013)
Perceived influence of parenting styles over irrational belief in romantic relations
Mehmet, E. S. (2014) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2014.1881
The Potential Risks and Adaptive Contributions of Elite Social Status to Youth Development
Troop‐Gordon, W. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511920165.010
Wei, L.-F., Chang, S.-H., & Lin, C.-Y. (2017) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2018.8.5.1065
General Processes of Development
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0003
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0002
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0004
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0001
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0005
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0008
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0009
Miller, S. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.002.0004
Miller, S. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.002.0003
Bowker, J. C. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251339393 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In fact, the developmental significance of crushes may be the greatest during early adolescence, as it is the development period when mutual romantic relationships are rare (Carlson & Rose, 2007), but there are emerging romantic interests (Sullivan, 1953).”
Bıçakçı, B., Baytok, İ., Domdomoğlu, S., & Batur, S. C. (2026) · Current Research in Social Sciences · doi:10.30613/curesosc.1751252
Cinsiyet ile Psikolojik Belirtiler İlişkisinde Çatışma Çözüm Stillerinin Aracı Rolü
Aslanlar, P. A., & Akyunus, M. (2023) · Ulakbilge Dergisi · doi:10.7816/ulakbilge-11-80-05
“Kadınların ilişki durumuna yönelik oluşan kaygılarının erkeklere nazaran daha fazla olduğu ve bu yüzden de kadınların ilişki içerisinde daha fazla stres yaşadıkları öne sürülmektedir (Carlson ve Rose, 2007).”
- Authors
- Carlson, W., & Rose, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Shenandoah University (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- ORCID
- Rose, Amanda J.
- Venue
- Merrill-palmer Quarterly
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 262-290
- ISSN
- 0272-930X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-0266
- OpenAlex
- W2102999945
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Merrill-palmer Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Human Biology (submittedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- romantic relationships, reciprocity, middle childhood, early adolescence, peer popularity, peer liking, depression, anxiety, peer adjustment, romantic involvement
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