Grasping the Intentions of Others with One's Own Mirror Neuron System

“questionnaire adapted from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [ 36 ].”

“The co-planar highresolution structural T2-weighted EPI volume was subsequently registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute Talairach-compatible MR atlas averaging 152 normal subjects using FMRIB’s Linear Image Registration Tool (FLIRT) [37].”

“Functional images were first registered to the co-planar high-resolution structural T2weighted EPI volume after non-brain structures had been removed with FMRIB’s Brain Extraction Tool (BET) from the co-planar highresolution T2-weighted EPI volume [38].”

“In the monkey brain, ventral premotor area F5 contains, in addition to mirror neurons, a population of cells called canonical neurons [4].”

“Mirror neurons are premotor neurons that fire when the monkey performs object-directed actions such as grasping, tearing, manipulating, holding, but also when the animal observes somebody else, either a conspecific or a human experimenter, performing the same class of actions [3,4,5].”

“Neurons of this type have indeed been previously reported in F5 and referred to as ‘‘logically related’’ neurons [34].”

“Z image statistics were performed with a threshold of Z = 2.3 at voxel level and a cluster level corrected for the whole brain at p , 0.05 [41, 42 ].”

“Time-series statistical analyses were carried out using FMRIB’s Improved Linear model (FILM) with local autocorrelation correction [39].”

“candidate for what is shared in a pair of mirroring events is an ‘intention in action.’ If this is right, it argues against the intention-prediction interpretation of the Iacoboni et al. (2005) imaging results per se. Mirroring, Mindreading, and Simulation 317”

“Neuroimaging studies suggest that contextual effects pervade high-level components of action, such as goal and intention understanding (Iacoboni et al., 2005; Wurm and Schubotz, 2012).”

“…that when a person observes someone else’s actions she automatically will activate her own action system not only to understand the behavior of the actor being observed (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004) but also to infer that actor’s intentions (cf. Wolpert et al. 2003; Iacoboni et al. 2005).”

“Furthermore, we suggest that recent brain -behavior findings about "mirror neurons"[36] and the phenomenon of "social intelligence" indicate that the patient- caregiver dyad interaction and its association with QOL has roots in the neurology of human behavior[36,37].”

“Each condition (lip, shoulder, hand; syringe and q-tip) was repeated 10 times per run.”

“It has been argued that the covert simulation of action representations serves important interpersonal functions, such as predicting other people’s actions (Graf, Schuetz-Bosbach, & Prinz, in press) and understanding the goals underlying those actions (Blakemore & Decety, 2001; Iacoboni et al., 2005; but see Lingnau,…”

“This simulation mechanism, which was originally postulated for the domain of visually perceived motor actions, has recently been suggested to provide the basis for making inferences about another person’s mental states in general (Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolatti, 2004; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Ramnani & Miall, 2004; but…”

“Accordingly, understanding another individual’s actions (Buccino et al., 2001), emotions (Carr et al., 2003) or intentions (Iacoboni et al., 2005) may require the observation of his (her) behavior in a specific context and then additional cognitive elements (Gallagher, 2008) such as the activation…”

“This assumption has been used both in HCI (e.g., in studying interactivity [27]), and outside (e.g., in studying physical designs [20], how intention behind actions are understood [18], and social robotics [4]).”

“They also hypothesized that the right frontal distribution had something to do with an underlying neural generator, and namely the right inferior frontal cortex which is thought to be involved in understanding the intentions behind the observed actions (Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“This mirroring process is automatic [12].”

“In contrast to previous work largely focused on individuals perceiving instrumental actions (31, 32) or known linguistic material (30, 33), here we investigated both production and comprehension of novel communicative actions during a live interaction between pairs of participants and directly contrast those phenomena…”

“Such a process was shown to involve the frontal mirror-like areas ( Iacoboni et al., 2005 ).”

“To date, the poor temporal resolution of fMRI neuroimaging has limited the characterization of the temporal dynamics of intention decoding both within and between these two functional networks [1,3,4,11,21,24].”

“, School of Education, Soochow an EEG signature of the ‘mirror-neuron’ systems (Pineda et al., 2000; Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“In the meantime, it has been reported that the function of human intention-awareness is associated with mirror neurons for the last decade [19].”

“Based on findings on action execution and action observation in both humans and monkeys, the " mirror system " in PM has been argued to subserve social cognition (Decety and Grezes, 2006; Iacoboni et al., 2005, but see Jacob and Jeannerod, 2005).”

“, 2002) or observation (Iacoboni et al., 2005) compared with situations in which there is no obvious goal.”

“vation of facial and body expressions has been postulated (Iacoboni et al., 2005; Keysers and Fadiga, 2008;Wicker et al., 2003).”

“…by evidence that brain areas that are active while performing a goal-directed action are also active during observation of that same action (e.g., Iacoboni et al., 2005; Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004), including areas that are responsible for perception–action integration and that may be involved…”

“Second, the relationships between an overt intentional behaviour and its correspondent covert representations must be clarified.”

“It has previously been assumed that observed actions automatically activate the action observation network (e.g. Iacoboni et al. 1999, 2005).”

“Some neuroscientists have argued that intentional communication is easy: we have neural mechanisms that can directly extract communicative intentions from detectable sensory events through the filter provided by our motor abilities (Iacoboni et al., 1999, 2005; Rizzolatti et al., 2001).”

“These findings are consistent with previous studies (Iacoboni et al., 2005; Pobric & Hamilton, 2006; Umilta and et al., 2008) that have suggested that mirror regions have an active role in action understanding.”

“Not every cup is grasped for drinking, for example, the cup can also be grasped to be placed in the dishwasher (Iacoboni et al., 2005). This means that additional cues are needed to form the right expectation about the next action. For example, a grasp towards a full cup is more likely to be followed by drinking, an e…”

“…mirror and mentalizing systems alongside pSTS underpins the processing of both interaction types (Centelles et al., 2011; Georgescu et al., 2014; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Van den Stock et al., 2015), while increasing levels of cooperativity and affectivity should reflect in heightened activity…”

“Subsequently, imaging studies have identified mirror neurons in humans (Buccino et al., 2004; Iacoboni et al., 2005; MolnarSzakacs, Kaplan, Greenfield, & Iacoboni, 2006).”

“It has been suggested that the mirror neuron system may support understanding of intention or preparation of imitative or nonimitative motor responses, relevant to the affective content of cues (Leslie et al. 2004; Ferrari et al. 2005; Iacoboni et al. 2005).”

“There is strong evidence that action perception and action production are intricately connected (“perception-action coupling”) and that the motor system partially mediates action perception by simulating or embodying observed actions (Gallese, Gernsbacher, Heyes, Hickok, & Iacoboni, 2011; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Shiffr…”

“Saygin, 2007) regions of the brain during both action execution and action observation, also known as the mirror-neuron system or action-observation network (e.g., Caspers, Zilles, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2010; Decety et al., 1994; Gazzola & Keysers, 2009; Grafton, 2009; Grossman & Blake, 2001; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Rizzo…”

“There is clear evidence to support the idea that the action simulation processes are concerned with encoding the behavioural goal, rather than the low-level specific reach properties of the action: When observing a reach, some parietal cells respond selectively when the final grasp is for eating but not when it is for…”

“For example, previous studies have shown that when humans watch videos of people acting, they show activation in areas homologous to those containing mirror neurons in the monkey brain, most notably the inferior frontal gyrus and the rostral part of the posterior parietal cortex ( Iacoboni et al. 1999, 2005 ).”

“…the ability to predict abstract events (Schubotz, 2007) and to constantly set up anticipatory models of other persons’ actions (Borroni et al., 2005; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Kilner et al., 2004; van Schie et al., 2004) in order to predict other’s intentions ahead of their behavioural realization…”

“data showing that self-attribution of another’s actions or emotions activates the premotor and prefrontal cortex (Carr et al., 2003; Iacoboni et al., 2005; Schulte-Rüther et al., 2007).”

“Iacoboni et al., 1999), intention understanding ( Iacoboni et al., 2005 ), and empathy (review in Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolatti, 2004).”

“…Geneva, Switzerland, 3Cognitive Science Center, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 4Medical Research Department, Artanim Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 6 Immersive Interaction Group, Ecole Polytechnique…”

“For example, looking at someone grabbing a glass from a sumptuously adorned table will activate the mirror pattern relative to the action of grabbing, along with a second mirror pattern able to plan the action of bringing the glass close to the mouth and of drinking (Iacoboni et al, 2005 ).”

“It has been argued, that in humans, the mirror neuron system (MNS) facilitates action understanding, based on the suggestion that neural simulation of observed actions allows us to plan our own actions and also to interpret the actions of others using our own previous experience while performing these actions (simulat…”

“Thus, the mere existence of a goal as such implied by the context of the action might support the prediction of observed actions (see also Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“It has also been linked to the formation of key social skills such as understanding the intentions (Iacoboni et al., 2005) and emotions of others (Dapretto et al., 2006; Gallese et al., 2007; Schulte-Rüther et al., 2007).”

“Studies by Iacoboni and his colleagues with primates and humans strongly support this theory (Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“…previous studies have shown a role of the somatosensory cortex in the simulation of others3 feelings underlying the empathic ability (Bastiaansen et al., 2009), as well as of the right frontal cortex in affective ToM (Couto et al., 2013) and intention understanding (Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“Indeed, early evidence suggested that the action simulation circuit was sensitive to the intended goal of actions vs merely actions themselves (Iacoboni et al., 2005; Kaplan and Iacoboni, 2006).”

“Iacoboni et al. (2005) showed participants videos of four different types of actions.”

“On the other hand, the activation of more anterior brain regions (left and right superior frontal gyri) may be linked to their role in the automatic comprehension of the action purpose for both affective and cooperative interactions [55,70].”

“Functional imaging studies have suggested that action-selective regions exist also in human cortex (Iacoboni et al., 1999, 2005; Buccino et al., 2004; Chong et al., 2008; Kilner et al., 2009).”

“Iacoboni et al. (2005) investigated goal-directed action processing in the mirror neuron regions by modifying context information surrounding images of grasping to imply varying goals rather than changing the action itself.”

“However, recent work in cognitive neuroscience has shown that these brain regions are also consistently and robustly activated above resting levels when individuals engage in tasks that involve sustained engagement in social narratives (Iacoboni et al. 2005; Jack et al. 2012; Meyer et al. 2015; Hyatt et al. 2015).”

“Accordingly, Iacoboni et al. (2005) have shown that the observation of grasping actions in appropriate contexts increases greater activity in the mirror neuron system compared Table 3 Peak voxel coordinates: regions showing increased functional connectivity with the BA21 after the treatment in the…”

“…can detect the relevant kinematic action based information (Cesari et al., 2014; Thoret et al., 2014; Young et al., 2013), recognize the action (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004) and use this information to predict the actor’s intentions (Gallese & Goldman, 1998; Iacoboni, 2009; Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“Italian neuroscientists (Iacoboni, Molnar-Szakacs, Gallese, Bucano & Mazziotta, 2005 ) have found a group of brain cells that reflect the activity of another person's brain cells which are part of a network that allows us to experience the world from another person's position, which they have named ‘mirror neurons’ –…”

“Research (Iacoboni et al. 2005) suggests that a positive, enthusiastic teacher sends signals to the child’s mirror neurons, which, in turn, can impact how they receive the learning objectives being delivered.”

“As prior intentions are embodied in kinematics, by simulating observed other-generated actions, it is possible to understand what the observed agent intends to do with the help of our own motor experience (Georgiou, Becchio, Glover, & Castiello, 2007; Iacoboni et al., 2005).”

“Both regions are particularly active when processing others’ goal-relevant behavior (Iacoboni et al., 2005; Takahashi et al., 2008).”

“Iacoboni’s (2005) own results for the “tea drinking” experiment discussed above.”