Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals
Open accessAbstract
The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.
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Kirkegaard et al. assessed genetic ancestry with 15,000 SNPs, making their index highly reliable.
“They assessed genetic ancestry with 15,000 SNPs, making their index highly-reliable [56].”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
The Results (Ancestry estimation) say this study estimated ancestry using 30 highly informative SNPs, not 15,000. The Materials and Methods (Genetic admixture estimation) report a correlation of approximately 0.7 with estimates based on 50,000 markers. Our copy does not establish how Kirkegaard et al. assessed ancestry. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Self-citationMeta‐analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries
de Moura, R. R., Coelho, A. V. C., Balbino, V. D. Q., Crovella, S., & Brandão, L. A. C. (2015) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22714 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Genetic structure characterization of Chileans reflects historical immigration patterns
Eyheramendy, S., Martínez, F. I., Manevy, F., Vial, C., & Repetto, G. M. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7472 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Lima‐Costa, M. F., Rodrigues, L. C., Barreto, M. L., Gouveia, M. H., Horta, B. L., Mambrini, J. V. D. M., Kehdy, F. S. G., Pereira, A. C., Rodrigues‐Soares, F., Victora, C. G., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09812 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Genetic ancestry, admixture and health determinants in Latin America
Norris, E. T., Wang, L., Conley, A. B., Rishishwar, L., Mariño‐Ramírez, L., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., & Jordan, I. K. (2018) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-018-5195-7 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview
Richmond, S., Howe, L. J., Lewis, S. J., Stergiakouli, E., & Zhurov, A. I. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00462 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“For this reason, ancestral markers are often included in facial prediction models (Claes et al., 2014; Ruiz-Linares et al., 2014; Lippert et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSánchez, J., Amaya, E., Acevedo, A., Celis, A., Caraballo, D., & Cardona, R. (2016) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.029 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population evolution and health
Nunes, K., Silva, M. A. C. E., Rodrigues, M. R., Lemes, R. B., Pezo, P., Kimura, L., Sena, L. S., Krieger, J. E., Varela, M. C., Azevedo, L. O., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adl3564 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic scoping review of the genetic ancestry of the Brazilian population
de Souza, A. M., Resende, S. S., de Sousa, T. N., & de Brito, C. F. A. (2019) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0076 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci for variation in human ear morphology
Adhikari, K., Reales, G., Smith, A. J. P., Konka, E., Palmen, J., Quinto-Sanchez, M., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W., Fuentes, M., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8500 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationAncestry, admixture and fitness in Colombian genomes
Rishishwar, L., Conley, A. B., Wigington, C. H., Wang, L., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., & Jordan, I. K. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12376 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans
Xiong, Z., Dankova, G., Howe, L. J., Lee, M. K., Hysi, P. G., de Jong, M. A., Zhu, G., Adhikari, K., Li, D., Li, Y., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.49898 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationAdhikari, K., Mendoza-Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., & Ruiz-Linares, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Genetics and Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.09.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Ancestry and wealth correlate with each other and with phenotypic diversity, including major disease patterns[27,82-84].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Genetic Diversity of the Americas
Adhikari, K., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Mendoza-Revilla, J., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., & Ruiz-Linares, A. (2017) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022331 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating mitonuclear interactions in human admixed populations
Zaidi, A. A., & Makova, K. D. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0766-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Genomic insight into the origins and dispersal of the Brazilian coastal natives
Silva, M. A. C. E., Nunes, K., Lemes, R. B., Mas-Sandoval, À., Amorim, C. E. G., Krieger, J. E., Mill, J. G., Salzano, F. M., Bortolini, M. C., Pereira, A. D. C., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1909075117 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Principal component analysis (17) of the Native American populations clustered the Tupiniquim with Amazonian Tupí-Guaraní populations (the Parakanã, Urubu Kaapor, and Wajãpi), as well as with Karib speakers (the Apalai and Arara; SI Appendix, Fig.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLiu, F., Chen, Y., Zhu, G., Hysi, P., Wu, S.-J., Adhikari, K., Breslin, K., Pośpiech, E., Hamer, M. A., Peng, F.-D., et al. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx416 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“CANDELA samples (48) consist of 6630 volunteers recruited in five Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Chile, México and Perú).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBermejo, J. L., Boekstegers, F., Silos, R. G., Marcelain, K., Pablo Báez, B., Ponce, C. B., Müller, B., Catterina Ferreccio, R., Koshiol, J. E., Fischer, C., et al. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006756 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationBonfante, B., Faux, P., Navarro, N., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Dubied, M., Montillot, C., Winchester, E. W., Poloni, L., Varón‐González, C., Jones, P., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6160 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Our study sample is mostly of mixed European-Native American ancestry and shows extensive phenotypic variation and high genetic diversity ( 13 , 14 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRapid adaptation to malaria facilitated by admixture in the human population of Cabo Verde
Hamid, I., Korunes, K. L., Beleza, S. S., & Goldberg, A. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63177 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico
Barquera, R., Lamnidis, T. C., Lankapalli, A. K., Kocher, A., Hernández-Zaragoza, D. I., Nelson, E. A., Zamora-Herrera, A. C., Pérez-Ramallo, P., Felipe, N. B., Immel, A., et al. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationFortes‐Lima, C., Gessain, A., Ruiz‐Linares, A., Bortolini, M. C., Migot‐Nabias, F., Bellis, G., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Restrepo, B. N., Rojas, W., Avendaño-Tamayo, E., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.021 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Latin America
Zavala, V. A., Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Dutil, J., & Fejerman, L. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10020153 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, efforts such as the Consortium for the Analysis of the Diversity and Evolution of Latin America, the Candela project, which aims to characterize the physical appearance and to examine the genetic and social background of 7342 subjects from Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Brazil [210], could be leveraged to…”
BackgroundShades of complexity: New perspectives on the evolution and genetic architecture of human skin
Quillen, E. E., Norton, H. L., Parra, E. J., Lona‐Durazo, F., Ang, K. C., Illiescu, F. M., Pearson, L. N., Shriver, M. D., Lasisi, T., Gokcumen, O., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23737 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nutritional and socio-economic predictors of adult height in 152 world populations
Grasgruber, P., & Hrazdíra, E. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100848 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Barquera, R., Hernández-Zaragoza, D. I., Bravo-Acevedo, A., Arrieta‐Bolaños, E., Clayton, S., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Martínez-Álvarez, J. C., López-Gil, C., Adalid-Sáinz, C., Vega-Martínez, M. D. R., et al. (2020) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2020.06.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Previous studies [1,2] have shown that the geographic distribution of admixture proportions reveals extensive population structure, depicting the continuing impact of ( continued on next page ) demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America at a genomic level.”
Self-citationCintas, C., Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Paschetta, C., de Azevedo, S., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Ramallo, V., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bortolini, M. C., et al. (2016) · IET Biometrics · doi:10.1049/iet-bmt.2016.0002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The images and manual landmarking data belong to the CANDELA initiative (Consortium for the Analysis of the Diversity and Evolution of Latin Americans), an international multidisciplinary project including geneticists, anthropologists, statisticians, bioinformatics, and social-anthropologists interested on Latin Ameri…”
MethodSelf-citationBelbin, G. M., Nieves-Colón, M. A., Kenny, E. E., Moreno‐Estrada, A., & Gignoux, C. R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.07.006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Palopoli, M. F., Fergus, D. J., Minot, S. S., Pei, D. T., Simison, W. B., Fernández-Silva, I., Thoemmes, M. S., Dunn, R. R., & Trautwein, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512609112 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“folliculorum on hosts of Latin American ancestry is complicated by the many recent migrations of people into this region, resulting in a population of mixed African, European, and Native American ancestry (26, 27).”
BackgroundCusumano, A. M., Rosa-Diez, G. J., & González-Bedat, M. C. (2016) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v5.i5.389 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
High prevalence of luminal B breast cancer intrinsic subtype in Colombian women
Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Sanabria‐Salas, M. C., Hernandez-Suarez, G. A., García, O., Silva, C., Romero, A., Mejía, J. C., Miele, L., Fejerman, L., & Zabaleta, J. (2016) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgw043 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A positively selected FBN1 missense variant reduces height in Peruvian individuals
Asgari, S., Luo, Y., Akbari, A., Belbin, G. M., Li, X., Harris, D., Selig, M. K., Bartell, E., Calderon, R. I., Slowikowski, K., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2302-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Cintas, C., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Ramallo, V., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Adhikari, K., Castillo, L. D., Gómez‐Valdés, J., Everardo, P., de Ávila, F., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169287 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationOliveira, T. C. D., Secolin, R., & Lopes‐Cendes, Í. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1091269 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“, 2017); and Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile present high proportions of European ancestry (Ruiz-Linares et al., 2014; Homburger et al., 2015; Moura et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSuccess stories in genomic medicine from resource-limited countries
Mitropoulos, K. A., Jaibeji, H. S. A., Forero, D. A., Laissue, P., Wonkam, A., López-Correa, C., Mohamed, Z., Chantratita, W., Lee, M. T. M., LLerena, A., et al. (2015) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-015-0033-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Current populations in Latin America are characterized by high and heterogeneous levels of admixture, arising from the history of these regions and corresponding to different patterns of mating between individuals of Native American, European, and African descent [38].”
BackgroundEvaluation of a Guidelines-Based Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
Sánchez, J., Zakzuk, J., & Cardona, R. (2017) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Toward Genetics-Driven Early Intervention in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Kinnamon, D. D., Morales, A., Bowen, D. J., Burke, W., Hershberger, R. E., Hershberger, R. E., Kinnamon, D. D., Morales, A., Gastier, J. M., Burke, W., et al. (2017) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.117.001826 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Naranjo, M.-E. G., Rodrigues‐Soares, F., Peñas‐Lledó, E., Tarazona‐Santos, E., Fariñas, H., Rodeiro, I., Terán, E., Grazina, M. M., Moya, G. E., López, M., et al. (2018) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2018.0114 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…between self-reporting ancestry and genomic ancestry (based on the study of AIMs) is good (Ce´spedes-Garro et al. 2016; Lima-Costa et al. 2015; Ruiz-Linares et al. 2014), they do not always match as some cultural or physical features could have a strong impact on self-reported ancestry, but…”
Korunes, K. L., & Goldberg, A. (2021) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009374 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer among Latina Women
Rey-Vargas, L., Sanabria‐Salas, M. C., Fejerman, L., & Serrano-Gomez, S. J. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0035 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Romieu and colleagues (49) conducted a population-based case–control study (PRECAMA) in 288 premenopausal women with breast cancer and matched controls from 4 Latin American countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Mexico) aiming to examine the relationship between different reproductive factors andbreast cancer su…”
ResultInfluentialDiepenbroek, M., Bayer, B., Schwender, K., Schiller, R., Lim, J., Lagacé, R., & Anslinger, K. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11121398 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The presence of African lineages in Latin America is a well-studied topic [82,83] and corresponds with the African admixture detected for the studied individual.”
BackgroundA multi-gene panel study in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in Colombia
Cock-Rada, A. M., Ossa, C. A., García, H. I. G., & Gómez, L. R. M. (2017) · Familial Cancer · doi:10.1007/s10689-017-0004-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Hispanics or Latin Americans throughout the continent are usually analyzed as the same ethnic group; however, admixture mapping studies have shown great genetic heterogeneity across Latin American countries and even within the same country, such as Colombia [11, 12, 26].”
BackgroundAlemar, B., Gregório, C., Herzog, J., Bittar, C. M., Netto, C. B. O., Artigalás, O., Schwartz, I. V. D., Coffa, J., Camey, S. A., Weitzel, J. N., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187630 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Multiethnic GWAS Reveals Polygenic Architecture of Earlobe Attachment
Shaffer, J. R., Li, J., Lee, M. K., Roosenboom, J., Orlova, E., Adhikari, K., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Schuler-Faccini, L., Bortolini, M.-C., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.10.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The complex population structure in the Latin American sample was the focus of a previous investigation.(13) On the”
BackgroundSelf-citationConley, A. B., Rishishwar, L., Norris, E. T., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., Mariño‐Ramírez, L., Medina-Rivas, M. A., & Jordan, I. K. (2017) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.117.1118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Anthropological genetics perspectives on the transatlantic slave trade
Fortes‐Lima, C., & Verdu, P. (2020) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa271 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Distribution of local ancestry and evidence of adaptation in admixed populations
Secolin, R., Mas-Sandoval, À., Arauna, L. R., Torres, F. R., de Araujo, T. K., Santos, M. L., Rocha, C. S., Carvalho, B. S., Cendes, F., Lopes‐Cendes, Í., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50362-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Latin American Study of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer LACAM: A Genomic Epidemiology Approach
Oliver, J., Urban, R. Q., Cortés, C. A. F., Velásquez, C. E. D., Montealegre, A. L., Pacheco-Orozco, R. A., Castro-Rojas, C. A., García‐Robles, R., Rivera, J. J. L., Chaparro, S. G., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01429 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Genetic studies have shown a unique history of migration to this region, combined with a high diversity of native population per country and important population bottlenecks (5, 6).”
BackgroundBreast Cancer Health Disparities in Hispanics/Latinas
Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Sanabria‐Salas, M. C., & Fejerman, L. (2020) · Current Breast Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s12609-020-00370-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Breast cancer risk and genetic ancestry: a case–control study in Uruguay
Bonilla, C., Bertoni, B., Hidalgo, P., Artagaveytia, N., Ackermann, E., Barreto, I., Cancela, P., Cappetta, M., Egaña, A., Figueiro, G., et al. (2015) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0171-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“We have shown that in the Uruguayan population the genetic ancestral background is correlated with socioeconomic status and educational attainment, a feature shared with other Latin American populations [54,55], and which is likely to confound the association between ancestry and disease [56,57].”
BackgroundAdmixture-enabled selection for rapid adaptive evolution in the Americas
Norris, E. T., Rishishwar, L., Chande, A. T., Conley, A. B., Ye, K., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., & Jordan, I. K. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-1946-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Population Pharmacogenomics for Precision Public Health in Colombia
Nagar, S. D., Moreno, A. M., Norris, E. T., Rishishwar, L., Conley, A. B., O’Neal, K. L., Gómez, S. V., Montes-Rodríguez, C., Jaraba-Álvarez, W. V., Torres, I. P., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00241 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“This change resulted in a far more comprehensive coverage policy for these kinds of tests than currently exists in the United States, where many precision medicine treatments are still directly paid by patients (Szabo, 2018).”
BackgroundChor, D., Pereira, A. C., Pacheco, A. G., Santos, R. V., Fonseca, M. J. M., Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Barreto, S. M., Aquino, E. M. L., Mill, J. G., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216653 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“However, with few exceptions, studies have been based on reduced and/or geographically limited samples and/or have grouped populations from different age groups in which data collection strategies regarding the race/colour information were not the same [15,17,19,21].”
BackgroundGenetic and socioeconomic study of mate choice in Latinos reveals novel assortment patterns
Zou, J., Park, D. S., Burchard, E. G., Torgerson, D. G., Pino-Yanes, M. D. M., Song, Y. S., Sankararaman, S., Halperin, E., & Zaitlen, N. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1501741112 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“These ethnically homogeneous but genetically admixed populations have more diverse physical features compared with genetically homogeneous populations (12).”
BackgroundVilla, D. C. D. F., Cortés-Mancera, F., Payares, E., Montes, N., de la Hoz, F., Arbeláez, M. P., Correa, G., & Navas, M. C. (2015) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0402-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Primers used in the first round were YS1 and YS2 [39].”
BackgroundMethodGenetic Cancer Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer in Latin America
Chávarri-Guerra, Y., Blazer, K. R., & Weitzel, J. N. (2017) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.17002195 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Genetics of Obesity in Diverse Populations
Young, K. L., Graff, M., Fernández‐Rhodes, L., & North, K. E. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1107-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rocha, C. S., Secolin, R., Rodrigues, M. R., Carvalho, B. S., & Lopes‐Cendes, Í. (2020) · npj Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41525-020-00149-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Genetic epidemiology of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated cancer across Latin America
Herzog, J., Chávarri-Guerra, Y., Castillo, D., Abugattas, J. E., Villarreal-Garza, C. M., Sand, S. R., DeHart, J. C., Álvarez-Gómez, R. M., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Mohar, A., et al. (2021) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-021-00317-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Implications of the Admixture Process in Skin Color Molecular Assessment
de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Hünemeier, T., Gómez‐Valdés, J., Ramallo, V., Krause, C. D. D. V., Barbosa, A. A. L., Vargas‐Pinilla, P., Dornelles, R. C., Longo, D., Rothhammer, F., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096886 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“[40].”
Self-citationBreast Cancer in Latinas: A Focus on Intrinsic Subtypes Distribution
Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Fejerman, L., & Zabaleta, J. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0420 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This heterogeneity may be related in part to the differences in the classification methods used, biases associated with clinic/hospital-based studies (as opposed to registry-based studies), and to differences in the genetic ancestry from the Hispanic/Latina women analyzed (76, 77).”
ResultGeographical variation in the progression of type 2 diabetes in Peru: The CRONICAS Cohort Study
Bernabé‐Ortiz, A., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Gilman, R. H., Miele, C. H., Checkley, W., Wells, J. C. K., Smeeth, L. L., & Miranda, J. J. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.09.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“should also be considered; however, the genetic admixture in Peruvians is very high [33], with many groups sharing common Native American ancestry and thus requiring a deeper study to understand its contribution to the observed differences in the incidence of diabetes.”
BackgroundLi, Q., Chen, J., Faux, P., Delgado, M., Bonfante, B., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDeng, L., Ruiz‐Linares, A., Xu, S., & Wang, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21766 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in dental morphology and inference of continental ancestry in admixed Latin Americans
Delgado, M., Ramírez, L. M., Adhikari, K., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Zanolli, C., González‐José, R., Canizales, S., Bortolini, M. C., Poletti, G., Gallo, C., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23756 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationRodrigues‐Soares, F., Kehdy, F. S. G., Coelho, J. S., Andrade, P. X. C., Céspedes-Garro, C., Zolini, C., de Aquino, M. M., Barreto, M. L., Horta, B. L., Lima‐Costa, M. F., et al. (2018) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/s41397-018-0015-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences
Fuerst, J., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2016) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2016.56.3.2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
de Araújo, F. J., da Silva, L. D. O., de Mesquita, T. G. R., Pinheiro, S. K., Vital, W. D. S., Chrusciak‐Talhari, A., Guerra, J. A. D. O., Talhari, S., & Ramasawmy, R. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003875 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in L atin A merican admixed populations
Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Adhikari, K., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Cintas, C., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Ramallo, V., Castillo, L. D., Farrera, A., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W. H., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22688 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe human gut microbiome of Latin America populations: a landscape to be discovered
Magne, F., O’Ryan, M. L., Vidal, R. M., & Farfán, M. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000300 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In general, the genetic background of Latin American populations is influenced by native American and European ancestry and less so by African ancestry [63], and different proportions of origin can be observed between countries (Table 4).”
BackgroundTemporal Patterns of Mexican Migrant Genetic Ancestry: Implications for Identification
Hughes, C. E., Algee-Hewitt, B. F. B., Reineke, R. C., Clausing, E. S., & Anderson, B. E. (2017) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.12845 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Santos, R. D., Benseñor, I. M., Pereira, A. C., & Lotufo, P. A. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.08.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“50) for African-Americans and other groups of African descent [56,61,82,83].”
BackgroundHuman genetic admixture through the lens of population genomics
Gopalan, S., Smith, S. P., Korunes, K. L., Hamid, I., Ramachandran, S., & Goldberg, A. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0410 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mergener, R., Furtado, G. V., de Mattos, E. P., Leotti, V. B., Jardim, L. B., & Pereira, M. L. S. (2019) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-019-08572-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Genetic Admixture and Survival in Diverse Populations with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Karnes, J. H., Wiener, H. W., Schwantes-An, T.-H. L., Natarajan, B., Sweatt, A. J., Chaturvedi, A., Arora, A., Batai, K., Nair, V., Steiner, H. E., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201907-1447oc · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Hispanic individuals are generally considered to be genetically admixed, being made up genetically of varying proportions of European, Native American, and African ancestry (23, 38, 39).”
BackgroundVerdugo, R. A., Genova, A. D., Herrera, L., Moraga, M. L., Acuña, M., Berríos, S., Llop, E., Valenzuela, C. Y., Bustamante, M. L., Digman, D., et al. (2020) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-020-00284-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Disentangling Signatures of Selection Before and After European Colonization in Latin Americans
Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Ormond, L., Wang, K., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., Granja, V., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Jaramillo, C., et al. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac076 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“AdaptMix shows evidence in the CANDELA Peruvian cohort within MGAM (rs7810984, AdaptMix P value = 1.79 × 10 − 8 , above 99.9th percentile) only when using CHB as a surrogate for Native American ancestry.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLlibre‐Guerra, J. J., Jiang, M., Acosta, I., Sosa, A. L., Acosta, D. M., Jimenez‐Velasquez, I. Z., Guerra, M., Salas, A., Salgado, A. M. R., Llibre‐Guerra, J. C., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14041 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“14,15 LatinAmericancountriesalsoshareexperiencesrelatedtocolonial-ism, social stratification, and evolving national identities.”
Obesity, genomic ancestry, and socioeconomic variables in Latin American mestizos
Ruderman, A., Pérez, L. O., Adhikari, K., Navarro, P., Ramallo, V., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bedoya, G., Bortolini, M., Acuña-Alonzo, V., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAhsan, T., Urmi, N. J., & Sajib, A. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228000 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Romero‐Hidalgo, S., Flores-Rivera, J. D. J., Rivas‐Alonso, V., Barquera, R., Villarreal-Molina, M. T., Antuna-Puente, B. P., Kauffer, L. R. M., Villalobos‐Comparán, M., Ortiz-Maldonado, J., Yu, N., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69224-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationFonseca, L., Sena, B. F., Crossley, N. A., López‐Jaramillo, C., Koenen, K. C., Freimer, N. B., Bressan, R. A., Belangero, S. I., Santoro, M. L., & Gadelha, A. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1240 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“10-12 This contrasts with the genetic makeup of European populations, which limits the applicability of current gene-tic findings.”
Nieves-Colón, M. A., Rivera, K. M. B., Sandoval, K., Dávalos, V. V., Lencinas, L. E. E., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Adhikari, K., González-Buenfil, R., Chen, J. W., Zhang, E., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.04.014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPhylogenomics of Colombian Helicobacter pylori isolates
Gutiérrez-Escobar, A. J., Trujillo, E., Acevedo, O., & Bravo, M. M. (2017) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0201-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Mestizos have their own genetic components, which are relatively new in human history [46].”
BackgroundAngiogenesis and oxidative stress-related gene variants in recurrent pregnancy loss
Fortis, M. F., Fraga, L. R., Boquett, J. A., Kowalski, T. W., Dutra, C. G., Gonçalves, R. O., Vianna, F. S. L., Schüler‐Faccini, L., & Sanseverino, M. T. V. (2017) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd17117 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Llibre‐Guerra, J. J., Li, Y., Allegri, R., Méndez, P. C., Surace, E. I., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Sosa, A. L., Aláez‐Verson, C., Longoria-Ibarrola, E. M., Téllez‐Martínez, J. A., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12227 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Occult Hepatitis B virus infection Among blood donors in Colombia
Ríos‐Ocampo, W. A., Cortés-Mancera, F., Olarte, J. C., Soto, A., & Navas, M. C. (2014) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0206-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, American ancestry is highest in the south of the country [30].”
BackgroundGeoepidemiology of Sjögren's syndrome in Latin America
Restrepo-Jiménez, P., Molano‐González, N., & Anaya, J. (2019) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.02.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reis, L. B., Bakos, R. M., Vianna, F. S. L., Macedo, G. S., Jacovas, V. C., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, A. M., dos Santos, S. E. B., Bakos, L., & Ashton‐Prolla, P. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07485-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The association of European ancestry and fair skin, eyes and hair was previously demonstrated in a sample of 1594 individuals from the same geographic region of the present study [23].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry on Disease Prevalence and Risk in Colombia
Chande, A. T., Nagar, S. D., Rishishwar, L., Mariño‐Ramírez, L., Medina-Rivas, M. A., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., Jordan, I. K., & Gallo, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.690366 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ruiz-Linares, A., Adhikari, K., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Quinto-Sanchez, M., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W., Fuentes, M., Pizarro, M., Everardo, P., de Avila, F., Gómez-Valdés, J., León-Mimila, P., Hunemeier, T., Ramallo, V., Silva de Cerqueira, C. C., Burley, M.-W., Konca, E., de Oliveira, M. Z., Veronez, M. R., Rubio-Codina, M., Attanasio, O., Gibbon, S., Ray, N., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Rosique, J., Schuler-Faccini, L., Salzano, F. M., Bortolini, M.-C., Canizales-Quinteros, S., Rothhammer, F., Bedoya, G., Balding, D., & Gonzalez-José, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- University of Tarapacá (CL)
- National Institute of Anthropology and History (MX)
- Institute for Fiscal Studies (GB)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-09-25
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e1004572
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC4177621
- OpenAlex
- W2112602049
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 24.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust (F/07 134/DF)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021213/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H021221/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- admixture, genetic ancestry estimation, population structure, phenotypic diversity, demographic history, genetic diversity, self-perception bias
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Biological Evolution, Female, Genetics, Population, Geography, Humans, Latin America, Male, Phenotype, Self Concept, Genetic Variation, Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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