The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 193 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Attention to women's and girls' menstrual needs is critical for global health and gender equality. The importance of this neglected experience has been elucidated by a growing body of qualitative research, which we systematically reviewed and synthesised. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We undertook systematic searching to identify qualitative studies of women's and girls' experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Of 6,892 citations screened, 76 studies reported in 87 citations were included. Studies captured the experiences of over 6,000 participants from 35 countries. This included 45 studies from sub-Saharan Africa (with the greatest number of studies from Kenya [n = 7], Uganda [n = 6], and Ethiopia [n = 5]), 21 from South Asia (including India [n = 12] and Nepal [n = 5]), 8 from East Asia and the Pacific, 5 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 5 from the Middle East and North Africa, and 1 study from Europe and Central Asia. Through synthesis, we identified overarching themes and their relationships to develop a directional model of menstrual experience. This model maps distal and proximal antecedents of menstrual experience through to the impacts of this experience on health and well-being. The sociocultural context, including menstrual stigma and gender norms, influenced experiences by limiting knowledge about menstruation, limiting social support, and shaping internalised and externally enforced behavioural expectations. Resource limitations underlay inadequate physical infrastructure to support menstruation, as well as an economic environment restricting access to affordable menstrual materials. Menstrual experience included multiple themes: menstrual practices, perceptions of practices and environments, confidence, shame and distress, and containment of bleeding and odour. These components of experience were interlinked and contributed to negative impacts on women's and girls' lives. Impacts included harms to physical and psychological health as well as education and social engagement. Our review is limited by the available studies. Study quality was varied, with 18 studies rated as high, 35 medium, and 23 low trustworthiness. Sampling and analysis tended to be untrustworthy in lower-quality studies. Studies focused on the experiences of adolescent girls were most strongly represented, and we achieved early saturation for this group. Reflecting the focus of menstrual health research globally, there was an absence of studies focused on adult women and those from certain geographical areas. CONCLUSIONS: Through synthesis of extant qualitative studies of menstrual experience, we highlight consistent challenges and developed an integrated model of menstrual experience. This model hypothesises directional pathways that could be tested by future studies and may serve as a framework for program and policy development by highlighting critical antecedents and pathways through which interventions could improve women's and girls' health and well-being. REVIEW PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The review protocol registration is PROSPERO: CRD42018089581.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis of 76 studies from 35 low- and middle-income countries found consistent menstrual stigma, resource limitations, knowledge and support gaps, and negative impacts on health, education, and social participation. It presents an integrated directional model linking sociocultural context and resource limitations to menstrual experience and downstream impacts.
Key findings
- Of 6,892 citations screened, 76 studies reported in 87 citations were included, capturing over 6,000 participants across 35 countries; most studies were from sub-Saharan Africa (n = 45), followed by South Asia (n = 21), East Asia and the Pacific (n = 8), Latin America and the Caribbean (n = 5), Middle East and North Africa (n = 5), and Europe and Central Asia (n = 1).
- Study quality was varied: 18 studies were rated high, 35 medium, and 23 low trustworthiness; lower-quality studies were characterised by poor reporting of participant selection and analysis.
- Synthesis identified antecedents (sociocultural context including menstrual stigma and gender norms; knowledge; social support; behavioural expectations; resource limitations including physical and economic environments), experience components (menstrual practices, perceptions of practices and environments, confidence, shame and distress, containment, and individual menstrual factors), and impacts (physical and psychological health, education/employment, and social participation).
- The integrated model maps distal and proximal antecedents through menstrual experience to impacts; no single included study reflected the full picture gained through metasynthesis.
Methods
- Systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis reported according to PRISMA, with protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018089581); searches were undertaken in 11 databases plus grey literature and hand searching, completed in January 2019 with no language or date restrictions.
- Eligible studies reported qualitative analysis of menstrual experiences of women and girls residing in LMICs; studies exclusively on menstrual suppression, menopause, premenstrual syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, premenarche, key informants, or males were excluded, as were studies of menstrual interventions or products retained for analyses reported elsewhere.
- Analysis used thematic synthesis and thematic networks; quality was appraised with the EPPI-Centre checklist, with one author appraising all studies and 10% independently appraised by a second author with 100% agreement; low-quality studies were checked for fit with the proposed themes and integrated model.
Limitations
- The paper states that findings are limited by available studies; the majority came from sub-Saharan Africa, no studies were identified from China, Middle East and North African studies were more often urban and highly educated, searching was only undertaken in English, mixed-methods studies may have scored lower on the qualitative appraisal tool, and a different team may have generated different insights.
- The paper states that adolescent girls were most strongly represented and early saturation was achieved for this group, while adult women and certain geographical areas were under-researched; pain and menstrual disorders were poorly integrated and did not reach saturation.
- Evident from the text: most studies relied on focus group discussions, often capturing shared school-environment experiences rather than deep individual sociological or psychological insights, and adult women’s workplace experiences were under-researched.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 193 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through synthesis, we identified overarching themes and their relationships to develop a directional model of menstrual experience.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies captured the experiences of over 6,000 participants from 35 countries.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Included studies captured experiences from 35 countries and over 6,000 participants.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6,000Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
In the paper
“This included 45 studies from sub-Saharan Africa (with the greatest number of studies from Kenya [n = 7], Uganda [n = 6], and Ethiopia [n = 5]), 21 from South Asia (including India [n = 12] and Nepal [n = 5]), 8 from East Asia and the Pacific, 5 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 5 from the Middle East and North Africa, and 1 study from Europe and Central Asia.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Using World Bank regional groupings [24], most studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (n = 45); this was followed by 21 studies undertaken in South Asia, 8 in East Asia and the Pacific, 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 5 in the Middle East and North Africa, and 1 study from Europe and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] 2017, World Bank Country and Lending Groups
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 45Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and shame and distress at the potential of having menses exposed”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others did not address the impacts of menstruation on such outcomes, exploring only the experience itself.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were the most common data collection method used, particularly when working with adolescent girls.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies focused on stigma, knowledge, and social support as antecedents of experience.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies were often those using individual interviews or engaging adult women to provide reflexive insights into their experiences.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study quality was varied, with 18 studies rated as high, 35 medium, and 23 low trustworthiness.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Study quality was varied, with 18 studies rated as high, 35 as medium, and 23 as low trustworthiness.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual stigma was a pervasive influence on women and girls.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
- It may state two separate claims as one. 75
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 6,892 citations screened, 76 studies reported in 87 citations were included.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual experience included multiple themes: menstrual practices, perceptions of practices and environments, confidence, shame and distress, and containment of bleeding and odour.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies focused on the experiences of adolescent girls were most strongly represented, and we achieved early saturation for this group.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of low-quality studies were assessed for their fit with the proposed themes and integrated model. Low-quality studies supported the primary analysis, and no new constructs emerged.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“making it difficult to access accurate information or seek support”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven studies reported using participatory activities such as asking groups to design an ‘ideal latrine’, or rank priorities for improvements to explore experiences and preferences.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge and cultural practices were important in resource-centric studies but were more often linked with a failure to support effective management practices.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In identifying themes and mapping the relationships between themes as part of our analysis, differences in author orientations across the body of literature were apparent.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were situated within a public health discipline and focused on cataloguing antecedents and impacts of menstruation on participants’ lives, rather than sociological analysis.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflecting the focus of menstrual health research globally, there was an absence of studies focused on adult women and those from certain geographical areas.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies varied in their coverage of included themes, with none reflecting the full picture gained through metasynthesis.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Developing an integrated model of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies viewed the resources available to women and girls as inadequate to meet their basic biological needs.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 55 studies included adolescent girls (school aged), with only 21 studies including exclusively university students or adult women.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stigma-centric models of menstruation rarely elaborated on physical health consequences; rather, they detailed psychological and educational concerns and consequences for empowerment.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies reported undertaking a thematic approach to analysis.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“India was the country with the highest number of studies (n = 12), followed by Kenya (n = 7) and Uganda (n = 6).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 12Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which frequently noted concerns around infection and consequences for school attendance”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Author orientations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower-quality studies were characterised by poor reporting of participant selection and analysis, with many having no defined or described analytic approach.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expectations of female propriety and the roles of women and girls over the life course as daughters, wives, and mothers restricted resource access and proscribed care-giving tasks and movement outside the home”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple domains of knowledge were discussed across studies, including the basic biology of menstruation, reproduction and the links between menstruation and pregnancy, practical management of menses and pain, and interpreting the accuracy of local taboos around menstruation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Near universally across studies, women and girls recalled experiences of intense distress and confusion if they were unaware of menstruation at menarche, with many participants reporting they thought they were sick or dying.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In others, girls’ post menarche and older women linked menstruation with reproduction but had other lingering questions such as why menstrual bleeding occurred”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] L Mason, 2013, 'We keep it secret so no one should know'—a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural western Kenya, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [15] A Parker, 2014, Menstrual management: a neglected aspect of hygiene interventions, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal source
- Not checked yetcites [44] J Chinyama, 2019, Menstrual hygiene management in rural schools of Zambia: a descriptive study of knowledge, experiences and challenges faced by schoolgirls, BMC Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [72] J Morrison, 2016, Menstrual hygiene management in Udaypur and Sindhuli districts of Nepal
- Not checked yetcites [73] Z Mumtaz, 2016, Formative Menstrual Hygiene Management Research: Adolescent Girls in Baluchistan
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such beliefs translated into restrictions on women’s behaviour, including not interacting or sitting with males; touching or cooking food; having contact with crops, livestock, or farming; or having sex.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“whereas in others such as Ghana [4], Malawi [79], South Africa [84], and Tanzania [3], they were sometimes considered culturally inappropriate, and other female relatives such as aunts or grandmothers were expected to serve in this role”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] CS Dolan, 2014, A Blind Spot in Girls’ Education: Menarche and Its Webs of Exclusion in Ghana, Journal of International Development source
- Not checked yetcites [79] SP Pillitteri, 2011, School menstrual hygiene management in Malawi: More than toilets
- Not checked yetcites [84] F Scorgie, 2016, "Bitten By Shyness": Menstrual Hygiene Management, Sanitation, and the Quest for Privacy in South Africa, Med Anthropol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Healthcare providers such as nurses or community health workers were mentioned in only a few studies, and always as unsupportive”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] M Sommer, 2009, Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation and risk: girls’ experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania, Cult Health Sex source
- Not checked yetcites [84] F Scorgie, 2016, "Bitten By Shyness": Menstrual Hygiene Management, Sanitation, and the Quest for Privacy in South Africa, Med Anthropol source
- Not checked yetcites [87] M Sommer, 2013, Structural factors influencing menstruating school girls’ health and well-being in Tanzania, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education source
- Not checked yetcites [101] 2009, A comparative study of four schools in different settings in Nepal
- Not checked yetcites [103] L Aziato, 2015, Dysmenorrhea Management and Coping among Students in Ghana: A Qualitative Exploration, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol source
- Not checked yetcites [109] LP Wong, 2011, Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: urban-rural and multiethnic differences in perception, impacts, and treatment seeking, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescent girls reported distress at these changes to expected behaviour and fears that they would cause harm to themselves or others.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women and girls took steps to ensure that others could not see or access their disposed menstrual blood such as washing materials prior to disposal, eschewing single-use disposable sanitary pads, or wrapping used absorbents to prevent detection.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Externally enforced behavioural expectations included explicit cultural or religious expectations of menstruating women as well as more implicit ideals of propriety and cleanliness placed on menstruating bodies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls often felt more comfortable with female teachers than male teachers, who were viewed as less understanding and presented threats of sexual advances.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deficits in knowledge created confusion around the accuracy of cultural restrictions and taboos, creating distress and impacting confidence.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Partners’ perceptions of menses contributed to women’s self-conceptualisation, resource availability, and the impact of menses on daily activities.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They reported great distress at males being aware of their menstrual status and bullying behaviours such as males teasing them if their status was revealed.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Friends and peers were critical: in school settings, they checked for stains, accompanied others to changing facilities, or provided emergency supplies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many religions, women and girls were banned from touching religious texts, praying, or entering places of worship during menstruation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hot or cold foods were feared to influence blood flow or clotting, and foods of various colour or flavour groups were feared to exacerbate menstrual pain, smell, acne, or cause illness.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual symptoms and the presence of abnormalities or disorders moderated individuals’ experiences, exacerbating shame and reducing confidence if participants felt that their experience was abnormal and making it more difficult to conceal menses.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies from Kenya and one in Ghana noted concerns that girls engaged in transactional sex to meet menstrual and other personal funding needs [4, 11, 64]; authors of a study in Ethiopia noted that this was not reported in their population [100].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] CS Dolan, 2014, A Blind Spot in Girls’ Education: Menarche and Its Webs of Exclusion in Ghana, Journal of International Development source
- Not checked yetcites [11] L Mason, 2013, 'We keep it secret so no one should know'—a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural western Kenya, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [64] S Jewitt, 2014, It’s a girl thing: Menstruation, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in Kenya, Geoforum source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For women and girls, the priority was perceived privacy, with concerns that materials would attract pests.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women and girls internalised menstrual restrictions and stigma and sought to regulate their behaviour accordingly.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An absence of sanitation facilities or safe spaces outside the home meant managing menstruation in these locations was more challenging, reducing confidence to travel outside the home and increasing distress and fear of shame.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Containment was fundamental to participants across populations and included leakage, keeping materials in place, and minimising detectable odour.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Menstrual experience
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pain directly restricted school, work, and social participation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In schools, gender-separate latrines and locks on doors were frequently discussed as compromising privacy, as was a lack of water to wash hands and remove evidence of menstrual blood from latrines.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This impacted confidence to engage in other activities during menstruation and added to experiences of shame because a failure to hide menses was viewed as a personal failure to maintain feminine standards or menstrual etiquette.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Antecedents of menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few women accessed healthcare, and the economic environment restricted access to pharmaceutical pain relief.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Menstrual experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many women and girls struggled to afford their choice of material, some studies noting that the household frequently lacked money for basic necessities and that commercial sanitary pads were considered an unaffordable luxury [5, 10, 15, 41, 43, 51, 64, 68].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] SA McMahon, 2011, 'The girl with her period is the one to hang her head’ Reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya, BMC International Health And Human Rights source
- Not checked yetcites [10] J Crichton, 2013, Emotional and psychosocial aspects of menstrual poverty in resource-poor settings: a qualitative study of the experiences of adolescent girls in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Health Care Women Int source
- Not checked yetcites [15] A Parker, 2014, Menstrual management: a neglected aspect of hygiene interventions, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lack of funds to purchase menstrual items or pain relief, and lack of affordable cloth or commercial menstrual products, was a frequent study finding.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In some studies, authors noted that teachers and NGOs provided menstrual materials, but that this was unreliable [44, 58].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] J Chinyama, 2019, Menstrual hygiene management in rural schools of Zambia: a descriptive study of knowledge, experiences and challenges faced by schoolgirls, BMC Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [58] C Girod, 2017, Physical, Social, and Political Inequities Constraining Girls’ Menstrual Management at Schools in Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya, J Urban Health source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Authors noted the erosion of self-esteem due to menstrual experiences, the contribution of stress during menstruation to anxiety, and depression linked to reduced social participation or experiences of stigma.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Included studies represented a broad range of contexts, although the majority attended to the experiences of school-aged girls.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women and girls reported altering movement and participation outside the household during menses, as well as restricting activities such as running or playing sports [9, 14, 15, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 47, 51, 59, 62–64, 70, 74, 77, 85, 97, 98, 100, 103–105, 107, 109].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Long, 2013, WASH in Schools Empowers Girls’ Education in Rural Cochabamba, Bolivia: An Assessment of menstrual hygiene management in schools
- Not checked yetcites [14] S Garg, 2001, Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India, Reproductive Health Matters source
- Not checked yetcites [15] A Parker, 2014, Menstrual management: a neglected aspect of hygiene interventions, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experience of pain and menstrual disorders was poorly integrated in included studies and did not reach saturation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Authors identified health impacts resulting from adherence to taboos such as dietary restrictions on the consumption of common foods, linked to fatigue, or withholding urination for fear of others observing menstrual blood in latrines [16, 41, 56, 57].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] BA Caruso, 2017, Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity: women’s gendered experiences of urination, defecation and menstruation in rural Odisha, India, BMJ Glob Health source
- Not checked yetcites [41] BA Caruso, 2013, WASH in Schools Empowers Girls’ Education in Freetown, Sierra Leone: An assessment of menstrual hygiene management in schools
- Not checked yetcites [56] A Ellis, 2016, WASH challenges to girls’ menstrual hygiene management in Metro Manila, Masbate, and South Central Mindanao, Philippines, Waterlines source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite different settings and populations, the narratives and lived experiences that emerged reflected consistent themes, with manifestations that differed by context.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In many schools, girls reported that they had no adequate location to change absorbents, feared others seeing menstrual blood in latrines, or lacked facilities to dispose or clean absorbents [4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 41, 51, 56–58, 64, 70, 72, 74, 79, 87, 88].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] CS Dolan, 2014, A Blind Spot in Girls’ Education: Menarche and Its Webs of Exclusion in Ghana, Journal of International Development source
- Not checked yetcites [5] SA McMahon, 2011, 'The girl with her period is the one to hang her head’ Reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya, BMC International Health And Human Rights source
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Long, 2013, WASH in Schools Empowers Girls’ Education in Rural Cochabamba, Bolivia: An Assessment of menstrual hygiene management in schools
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meant travelling home to change menstrual materials, often resulting in part-day absences.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review included a large volume of studies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social support, the physical environment, cultural restrictions, and the perception of menses as dirty and needing to be concealed were all highly salient in included studies, yet these risk factors have received limited attention in interventions.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These components of experience were interlinked and contributed to negative impacts on women’s and girls’ lives.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resource limitations underlay inadequate physical infrastructure to support menstruation, as well as an economic environment restricting access to affordable menstrual materials.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sociocultural context, including menstrual stigma and gender norms, influenced experiences by limiting knowledge about menstruation, limiting social support, and shaping internalised and externally enforced behavioural expectations.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impacts included harms to physical and psychological health as well as education and social engagement.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We undertook systematic searching to identify qualitative studies of women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Methods and findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO: CRD42018089581 and is reported according to PRISMA guidance (S1 PRISMA Checklist).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reflecting the research questions, we employed a thematic synthesis approach [28], or an approach that seeks to describe themes as recurrent ‘units of meaning’ within and across studies, to synthesise insights from individual studies [29, 30].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] J Thomas, 2008, Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Med Res Methodol source
- Not checked yetcites [29] J Attride-Stirling, 2001, Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research, Qualitative Research source
- Not checked yetcites [30] GJ Melendez-Torres, 2015, A systematic review and critical appraisal of qualitative metasynthetic practice in public health to develop a taxonomy of operations of reciprocal translation, Res Synth Methods source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emergent themes were discussed among the authorship team, and multiple mappings of the relationships between themes were generated until authors reached consensus on a representation with the greatest explanatory power.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis was undertaken in 4 steps: The findings of high- and medium-quality studies were thematically coded using NVivo 12 (QSR International; https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/nvivo-products) by the first author.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One author (JH) appraised the quality of all studies; 10% were independently appraised by a second author (GJMT), with 100% agreement.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Study quality appraisal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model hypothesises directional pathways that could be tested by future studies and may serve as a framework for program and policy development by highlighting critical antecedents and pathways through which interventions could improve women’s and girls’ health and well-being.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comprehensive grey literature searching and hand searching were undertaken.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Search strategy and selection criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using Nvivo 12, all studies were recoded against the consensus themes and integrated model for validation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through synthesis of extant qualitative studies of menstrual experience, we highlight consistent challenges and developed an integrated model of menstrual experience.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of thematic networks reflected a lines-of-argument approach to meta-ethnography [31]; that is, drawing on the synthesis of qualitative research (meta-ethnography), we sought to go beyond merely describing a phenomenon to interpreting and understanding the social processes underlying it as part of an integrated scheme, such that no one study captures the entirety of the phenomenon (lines of”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] G Noblit, 1988, Meta-Ethnography source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then used these themes to generate thematic networks to facilitate repeated comparison of the relationships between these themes.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Included studies were appraised using the EPPI-Centre checklist [25]. This checklist assesses methodological quality across recommended domains: sampling, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and privileging of participant perspectives (see S1 Table) [26, 27].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Study quality appraisal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] R Rees, 2009, Children’s views about obesity, body size, shape and weight: a systematic review
- Not checked yetcites [26] J Noyes, 2018, Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series-paper 3: methods for assessing methodological limitations, data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in synthesized qualitative findings, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [27] M Santiago-Delefosse, 2016, Quality of qualitative research in the health sciences: Analysis of the common criteria present in 58 assessment guidelines by expert users, Soc Sci Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Searches were completed in January 2019 with no language of publication or date restrictions applied.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Search strategy and selection criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors (JH, AS) independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening to determine eligibility (JH).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Methods > Search strategy and selection criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The review protocol registration is PROSPERO: CRD42018089581.”
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
“The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO: CRD42018089581 and is reported according to PRISMA guidance (S1 PRISMA Checklist).”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Abstract > Review protocol registration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors linked these reports to reproductive tract infections, supported by key informants such as healthcare providers.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Impacts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internalised menstrual stigma and expectations of silence on the topic resulted in negative attitudes and intense fears of shame should menstrual status be exposed.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Menstrual experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resource deficits contributed to economic and physical environments that limited women’s choices for menstrual practices and shaped their experiences of menstruation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Results > Resource limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model presented differs from previous nonsystematic summaries that have generated lists of considerations to improve menstrual experience but have not specified directional relationships.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systematic searching identified a large body of literature, facilitating clarity in the identified themes.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Metasynthesis remains an evolving methodology for the review of qualitative literature [30, 110–112].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] GJ Melendez-Torres, 2015, A systematic review and critical appraisal of qualitative metasynthetic practice in public health to develop a taxonomy of operations of reciprocal translation, Res Synth Methods source
- Not checked yetcites [110] JL Harris, 2018, Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series-paper 2: methods for question formulation, searching, and protocol development for qualitative evidence synthesis, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [111] A Booth, 2019, Formulating questions to explore complex interventions within qualitative evidence synthesis, BMJ Global Health source
- Not checked yetcites [112] E Nye, 2016, Origins, methods and advances in qualitative meta-synthesis, Review of Education source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study quality was appraised using a tool designed for qualitative studies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of studies in languages other than English were included; however, searching was only undertaken in English and may not have identified all available publications.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in all reviews, the findings are limited by available studies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This presented the opportunity to draw themes and an integrated model across a broad range of contexts and populations.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The definition ‘menstrual hygiene’ outlined in the Introduction fit poorly with the integrated model resulting from this metasynthesis.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our focus on consensus themes and auditable methods lends credibility to our results as presented.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may have resulted in poorer scoring of mixed-methods studies that were considered only based on their qualitative components.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interventions that focus on products may maintain menstrual stigma and reinforce behavioural expectations that concealing menses is paramount.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The integrated model presented advances the development of problem theory in menstrual health research and highlights important factors to consider in future research and practice.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, as with any systematic review of qualitative research, a different team of researchers may have generated different insights.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through synthesis, we elucidate antecedent pathways and highlight the multiple components of menstrual experience that must be considered for effective interventions and comprehensive quantitative evaluation.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As presently defined, ‘menstrual hygiene’ may reflect an incomplete set of menstrual rights or needs, or it could be amended to capture menstrual practices as have emerged here.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To date, developed interventions have sought to improve menstrual experience by investing in education (to improve knowledge) and menstrual products (to improve the economic environment), two of the core pillars of existing menstrual health frameworks [19, 113].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] J Hennegan, 2016, Do menstrual hygiene management interventions improve education and psychosocial outcomes for women and girls in low and middle income countries? A systematic review, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [113] C Sumpter, 2013, A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management, PLoS ONE source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This definition provides an unclear list of menstrual practices, incorporates one mention of perceptions of the menstrual environment but not practices, and refers to physical facilities for disposal only.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This work draws on current best practice guidance [26, 27, 29, 30, 112].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] J Noyes, 2018, Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series-paper 3: methods for assessing methodological limitations, data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in synthesized qualitative findings, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [27] M Santiago-Delefosse, 2016, Quality of qualitative research in the health sciences: Analysis of the common criteria present in 58 assessment guidelines by expert users, Soc Sci Med source
- Not checked yetcites [29] J Attride-Stirling, 2001, Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research, Qualitative Research source
- Not checked yetcites [30] GJ Melendez-Torres, 2015, A systematic review and critical appraisal of qualitative metasynthetic practice in public health to develop a taxonomy of operations of reciprocal translation, Res Synth Methods source
- Not checked yetcites [112] E Nye, 2016, Origins, methods and advances in qualitative meta-synthesis, Review of Education source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, it may serve to inform measure development for identified components of menstrual experience, antecedents, and impacts.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The integrated model presented here offers a more nuanced framework to inform theories of change in program development and to assist evaluation strategies.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual experience is characterised not only as the hygiene practices undertaken to manage menstrual bleeding but by women’s and girls’ perceptions of these practices, their confidence to manage menses and engage in other activities while menstruating, and their experience of shame and containment.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of this review suggest that terminology and construct definition in menstrual health research may need to be expanded to recognise the many components of menstrual experience and contributing factors.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite extensive searching, eligible studies may have been missed.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such interventions may have positive impacts on containment in the short term but risk greater harms if access to more reliable menstrual materials is unsustained.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent expansions on this definition to include menstrual knowledge conflates menstrual experience with antecedents [115].”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] M Sommer, 2017, Attention to menstrual hygiene management in schools: An analysis of education policy documents in low-and middle-income countries, International Journal of Educational Development source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, these factors likely represent important covariates that should be considered when not the focus of interventions.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Awareness of multiple, interconnected constructs also aids the identification of unanticipated harms.”
§ Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis > Discussion > Implications for research and practice
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The use of qualitative evidence in menstrual health programming has been anecdotal and situated, drawing on individual studies that may be restricted in scope and have limited generalizability beyond their context.
“However, this use of qualitative evidence has been anecdotal and situated, drawing on individual studies that may be restricted in scope and have limited generalizability beyond their context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Menstrual health research has tended to draw on programmatic models rather than detailed problem theory.
“Menstrual health research has tended to draw on programmatic models rather than detailed problem theory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Risk factors such as social support, the physical environment, cultural restrictions, and the perception of menses as dirty and needing to be concealed have received limited attention in interventions.
“Social support, the physical environment, cultural restrictions, and the perception of menses as dirty and needing to be concealed were all highly salient in included studies, yet these risk factors have received limited attention in interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Models focused exclusively on menstrual practices have assessed only physical harms such as infections.
“Models focused exclusively on menstrual practices have assessed only physical harms such as infections.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“With the principal focus of MHM research centered on adolescent girls in school settings, considerably less attention has been given to women’s experience of MHM at other life stages, outside of a few key papers that focus on menstruation in the workplace and in emergency contexts, along with other types of vaginal bleeding [38–43].”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Outside of a few key papers that highlight the menstrual experiences of women in the workplace, emergency context, or vaginal bleeding throughout the life course, experiences of menstruation among adult women and outside of school settings remains underexplored [38, 39, 43, 70].”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Physical-environment low-trustworthiness count is one short
MinorTable 3 reports three low-trustworthiness studies for this theme but names four.
“| (n = 3)Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; UN Women 2017 [98] |”
“Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; UN Women 2017 [98]”
Citations
Cites
Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-45 · Cited by 9,312
Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/146879410100100307 · Cited by 5,506
Noblit, G., & Hare, R. (1988) · doi:10.4135/9781412985000 · Cited by 2,723
A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management
Sumpter, C., & Torondel, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062004 · Cited by 518
Noyes, J., Booth, A., Flemming, K., Garside, R., Harden, A., Lewin, S., Pantoja, T., Hannes, K., Cargo, M., & Thomas, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.020 · Cited by 480
Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van Eijk, A. M., Sivakami, M., Thakkar, M. B., Bauman, A., Laserson, K. F., Coates, S., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010290 · Cited by 471
A Time for Global Action: Addressing Girls’ Menstrual Hygiene Management Needs in Schools
Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Sahin, M., Calderon, T., Cavill, S., Mahon, T., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001962 · Cited by 435
Mason, L., Nyothach, E., Alexander, K., Odhiambo, F. O., Eleveld, A., Vulule, J., Rheingans, R., Laserson, K. F., Mohammed, A., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079132 · Cited by 375 · cited 18×
“…1992 [96]; UN Women 2017 [98]; WSSCC 2014 [102] Sociocultural context: Gender norms (n = 7) Caruso 2017 [16]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] (n = 8) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Do Amaral 2011…”
BackgroundInfluentialOvercoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls
Sommer, M., & Sahin, M. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301374 · Cited by 364
Tegegne, T. K., & Sisay, M. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1118 · Cited by 342 · cited 14×
“…2015 Ethiopia; South Sudan; Uganda; Tanzania; Zimbabwe Girls in school Unclear, >480 IDIs; >12 FGDs (n> 500) 11+ Mixed methods; IDI; FGD Thematic Low Low Tegegne 2014 [93] 2013 Ethiopia (North East) Girls in school 9; 4 FGDs (n = NR) 12–19 Mixed methods; IDI; FGD Inductive content analysis…”
BackgroundInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 93 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 550
Basit, A., Antu, O. S., Mithun, M., & Islam, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932024000415 · Cited by 8
“According to Hennegan et al .”
Baumann, S. E., Wegner, I. M., Murthy, S., Schneiderman, K., & Winkler, I. T. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117992 · Cited by 8
“They not only do so because they are faced with behavioral expectations as often reported in the literature (Hennegan et al., 2019), but also because they value these practices.”
The red thread: stakeholder perspectives on menstrual health and hygiene in Ghana
Gbogbo, S., Wuresah, I., Klutse, P., Mantey, S. O., Boateng, I., Nelson, P. E., Charles-Unadike, V. O., Reda, D., & Currier, C. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2025-019124 · Cited by 9
'Socheton': A Culturally Appropriate AI Tool to Support Reproductive Well-being
Sultana, S., Chowdhury, H. M., Sultana, Z., & Verdezoto, N. X. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735725 · Cited by 6
Stigma and silence: the menstrual taboo in Spain
López, S. S., López, S. S., Barrington, D., et al. (2025) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-025-02630-z · Cited by 6
“Despite its universality, menstruation is often depicted as a taboo topic, marked by silence, stigma, and shame [2, 3].”
Abrahamsson, K., Åkerman, E., Ström, S., Söderman, L., Källberg, H., & Klingberg‐Allvin, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24705-w · Cited by 6
“It also remains unknown whether restrictive norms— rooted in menstrual stigma and identified as a major contributor to school absence across cultures in low-and middle-income countries [29] —are more prevalent among ethnic minority groups than among ethnic Swedes.”
Hennegan, J. M., Hasan, T., Jabbar, A., Jalil, T., Kennedy, E. C., Hunter, E. C., Kaiser, A., Akter, S., Zaman, A., Rahman, M.-U., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079451 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGodwin, S. K., U., L. U. C., Anjana, V. M., & Mini, G. (2024) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20241777 · Cited by 6
Casola, A. R., Medley, L., Kunes, B. C., McGlone, N., & Silverio, A. (2024) · Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1111/psrh.12277 · Cited by 6
Menstrual waste behaviour of young adolescents: a theory of planned behaviour approach
Sreekumar, S., & Pandey, A. (2024) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2024.090 · Cited by 8
Barini, G. O., Amima, S., Mulwa, D. F., & Mogeni, P. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003145 · Cited by 8
What's the bleeding problem: menstrual health and living with a disability
Phillips‐Howard, P. A. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100349 · Cited by 6
Dave, U., Palaniappan, A., Lewis, E. G., & Gosine, B. (2022) · International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy · doi:10.33457/ijhsrp.971839 · Cited by 6
Ames, P., & Leau, C. Y. (2022) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2022.2132060 · Cited by 12
“Finally, this study is consistent with the systematic review of Hennegan et al. (2019) on qualitative studies on women’s and adolescents´ experiences of menstruation in low- and middleincome countries, which highlights the need for an integrated framework for developing interventions that address…”
ResultUnmet Menstrual Hygiene Needs among the Impoverished Women, their Perceptions and Health Hazards
Somroo, S., Sarwar, S., Balouch, I., Maryam, M., Ghafoor, M., & Bibi, N. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs2023172549 · Cited by 7
Rickey, L., Camenga, D. R., Brady, S. S., Williams, B. R., Wyman, J. F., Brault, M. A., Smith, A. L., LaCoursiere, D. Y., James, A. S., Lavender, M. D., et al. (2022) · Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports · doi:10.1007/s11884-022-00655-6 · Cited by 6
Mirghafourvand, M., Ebadi, A., Jahanfar, S., Khorashadizadeh, F., & Shirzadi, S. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18600-z · Cited by 5
“There are prevalent misconceptions among girls about these practice during menstruation; for example, taking a bath during menstruation increases the flow of menstrual blood and intricacies during pregnancy [25] and, washing during menstruation impact blood flow [31].”
BackgroundOsiesi, M. P., Fajobi, O. O., Aribamikan, C. G., Adekoya, A. F., Okocha, S. N., Babalola, A. T., Arogundade, A. O., Blignaut, S., & Nubia, W. D. (2025) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-11-2023-0114 · Cited by 5
Menstruation myths scale: A scale development study
Erci̇yas, Ş. K., Ekrem, E. C., & Çetin, Ş. (2025) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.70122 · Cited by 5
Ballard, A. M., Wallace, E., Kaza, P., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2025.1589772 · Cited by 5
“Adolescents unable to effectively manage menstruation — particularly while in school — may experience declines in participation and attendance, which can reduce academic performance, increase grade repetition and dropout, and decrease economic potential and quality of life (1, 3, 7, 12 – 14).”
Strengthening Integrated Approaches for Family Planning and Menstrual Health
Hoppes, E., Rademacher, K. H., Wilson, L., Mahajan, T. D., Wilson, K., Sommer, M., Solomon, M., & Lathrop, E. (2023) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-23-00080 · Cited by 5
“16 This includes using evidence-based curricula and teaching methods, such as comprehensive sexuality education, 9,17 to provide information about FP and MH, including information about the menstrual cycle and how it relates to pregnancy and fertility.”
MethodA cross-sectional study of knowledge, taboos, and attitudes towards menstruation
Kumar, A. S., Dhadwal, Y., Yadav, V., & Sharma, B. (2023) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2023.2293450 · Cited by 5
“Despite this, many female students lack su ffi cient support from family and friends regarding menstruation, and the study revealed no connection between age and intimate relationships with parents or other family members in regard to menstrual practices (Hennegan et al. 2019).”
BackgroundDöring, N. M., Shevtsova, A., & Schumann-Doermer, C. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung · doi:10.1055/a-2343-4279 · Cited by 5
Küçükkaya, B., & Başgöl, Ş. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03398-0 · Cited by 8
“It is reported that dysmenorrhea, which has a high prevalence, causes the loss of many working days (work-school) every year [2, 5, 15–17].”
BackgroundGbogbo, S., Axame, W. K., Wuresah, I., Gbogbo, E., Klutse, P., Makam, C., Owusu, A. K., Boateng, I., Nelson, P. E., Mantey, S. O., et al. (2024) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents4040042 · Cited by 4
Self-citationShrestha, S., Thapa, S., Bucha, B., Kunwar, S., Subedi, B., Singh, A. R., Chapagain, D. D., Dhital, R., & Caws, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313422 · Cited by 16
Maqbool, S., Manzoor, I., Fatima, N., et al. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32413/pjph.v11i2.722 · Cited by 5
“participation in different social activities (11).”
Understanding Women's Perceptions and Practices Regarding Menstrual Hygiene: A Qualitative Study.
Batool, S. F., & Shafiq, S. O. (2022) · International Journal of Women Empowerment · doi:10.29052/2413-4252.v8.i1.2022.33-37 · Cited by 5
Tembo, M., Simms, V. M., Weiss, H. A., Bandason, T., Redzo, N., Larsson, L. S., Dauya, E., Nzanza, T., Ishumael, P., Gweshe, N., et al. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01789-y · Cited by 7
“This is important as young women face many barriers when seeking healthcare and are often the most vulnerable to adverse reproductive health outcomes linked to risky sexual practices [20–22].”
BackgroundPatavegar, B. N., Ahmad, S., Hassan, S. B., Ahmad, A., & Tiwari, P. K. (2024) · National Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.55489/njcm.150920244178 · Cited by 5
Gbogbo, S., Wuresah, I., Addo, P., Klomegah, S., Gbogbo, E., Axame, W. K., Klutse, P., Makam, C., Dowou, R. K., Nelson, P. E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1406665 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSun, J., Bai, S., Li, Q., Zhao, M., Ge, L., & Zang, S. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01910-1 · Cited by 7
Psychosocial hazards and the weaponising of menstruation
Naznin, H., & Thornthwaite, L. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1177/00221856241308988 · Cited by 5
“Women in other developing countries have reported similar societal expectations of silence and secrecy around menstruation and an intense fear of shame and distress when their menstruation is exposed publicly (Hennegan et al., 2019).”
InfluentialAyieko, P., Torondel, B., Renju, J., Rubli, J., Mcharo, O., Luwayi, J. R., Thomas, K. A., Greco, G., Kapiga, S., & Okello, E. S. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-03723-1 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNavigating fear, shyness, and discomfort during menstruation in Cambodia
Daniels, G. J., MacLeod, M., Cantwell, R. E., Keene, D. E., & Humprhies, D. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000405 · Cited by 5
“A systematic review of 76 studies of women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in lowand middle-income countries found the majority of MHM studies have been conducted in Africa (n = 45/76) [2].”
BackgroundResultThe Relationship of the Dysmenorrhea a in Students with Learning Activities
Halitopo, Y. (2022) · Science Midwifery · doi:10.35335/midwifery.v10i5.1000 · Cited by 5
Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Siklus Menstruasi Pada Siswi Sekolah Menengah Atas
Revi, M., Anggraini, W., & Warji (2023) · Cendekia Medika Jurnal Stikes Al-Ma`arif Baturaja · doi:10.52235/cendekiamedika.v8i1.219 · Cited by 5
La menstruación como fenómeno cultural: creencias arraigadas y transformaciones contemporáneas
Moncayo, D. C. (2023) · Antropología Cuadernos de investigación · doi:10.26807/raci.vi28.318 · Cited by 7
Wilbur, J., Kayastha, S., Mahon, T., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25447/v2 · Cited by 5
Measurement in the study of menstrual health and hygiene: A systematic review and auditPreprint
Hennegan, J. M., Brooks, D. J., Schwab, K. J., & Meléndez‐Torres, G. J. (2019) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/n8j5w · Cited by 6
Self-citationShah, S. F., Punjani, N. S., Rizvi, S. N., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0845.v1 · Cited by 5
Adolescent menstrual health must go beyond pads
Sommer, M., Hennegan, J. M., Muralidharan, A., Kabiru, C. W., Mahon, T., & Phillips‐Howard, P. A. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077515 · Cited by 4
“5 20”
Self-citationChowdhury, H. M., Rahman, A. M., Akter, R., Sultana, Z., Ahmed, S. I., & Sultana, S. (2024) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD) · doi:10.1145/3700794.3700797 · Cited by 4
Oester, C., Norris, D., Lovell, R. J., Pedlar, C. R., Bruinvels, G., & Kalkhoven, J. T. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02411-w · Cited by 6
“These effects are compounded by physical symptoms (e.g. cramping, bloating) [53, 235], body image concerns [236, 237] and menstruation-related stigma [238, 239].”
Menstruation and sexual health, well-being and justice
Logie, C. H., Winkler, I. T., Narasimhan, M., Bhakta, A., Hutchingame, T., Reynolds, T., Maschette, U., Okore, S., Ngumi, S. N. W., & Barrington, D. (2024) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.23.291159 · Cited by 4
“Systematic reviews on menstrual experiences 7,9 reveal complex processes of menstrual stigma.”
Shah, V., Schmidt, W., Sonko, B. J., Sinjanka, E., Mendy, F., Hennegan, J. M., Phillips‐Howard, P. A., & Torondel, B. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.12.018 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCharles, I., Patrick, M., Mink, T. L., Ahmed, T., Reddy, Y. M., Young, M. R., Waford, R., Caruso, B. A., & Sinharoy, S. S. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.06.018 · Cited by 5
Nakao, M., Kuwaki, K., Yamauchi, K., Nomura, K., & Tanihara, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327774 · Cited by 4
Period Poverty in Brazil: A Public Health Emergency
de Moraes, M. F. R. C., Nunes, R., & Duarte, I. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13161944 · Cited by 7
“Attaining menstrual equity is crucial not only for physical well-being but also for social justice and gender equality [16,17].”
The effects of the Covid-19 vaccine on menstrual disorders in women of reproductive age
Yoosefian, M., Esmaeili, A., Parizi, Z. P., Kermanshahaninezhad, S. O., & Babaki, B. S. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-02120-y · Cited by 4
“Because talking about menstruation is considered ugly and disrespectful (Hennegan et al. 2019).”
Bonato, P. D. P. Q., Ventura, C. A. A., Reis, R. K., Amaral, C. D. P., Smet, S. D., Grossi, S., de Brito, E. S., & Craveiro, I. M. R. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13050249 · Cited by 3
“The lack of access to menstrual products and the precarious infrastructure for managing intimate hygiene, for example, reinforce stigma and feelings of shame (Craw-ford and Waldman 2021; Hennegan et al. 2019), harming the sociability of these women at the time of social reinsertion.”
BackgroundPolkovnikova-Wamoto, A., Wambua, G. N., Osok, J., Madeghe, B. A., & Kumar, M. (2021) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-021-00208-5 · Cited by 5
Kalyan, G., Walia, A. K., Kaur, M., Kaler, A., Bajwa, A. K., Kaur, A., Sandhu, A. K., Chauhan, A., Franklin, A., & Sharma, A. (2021) · IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology · doi:10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.029 · Cited by 4
The Politics, Promises, and Perils of Data: Evidence-Driven Policy and Practice for Menstrual Health
Winkler, I. T., Bobel, C., Houghton, L. C., Elhadad, N., Gruer, C., & Paranjothy, V. (2020) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2020.1820240 · Cited by 4
Gyasi-Gyamerah, A. A., Manukure, J. M., Andoh, L. N. A., Dey, N. E. Y., Ansah, K. O., & Agbadi, P. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09463 · Cited by 5
“8 Additionally, the unavailability of sanitation facilities and other infrastructure in rural households to a large extent affects AGYW's menstrual experience such that they are compelled to stay indoors (Hennegan et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialLarson, E. A., Turke, S., Miko, N. H., Oumarou, S., Alzouma, S., Rogers, A., Schwab, K. J., & Hennegan, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2021.177 · Cited by 3
Self-citationWilbur, J., Kayastha, S., Mahon, T., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25447/v1 · Cited by 4
“Research shows that the realisation of human rights is inhibited by lack of provision for MHM, including the right to education, health and work (2-7).”
BackgroundHennegan, J. M., Bukenya, J. N., Makumbi, F. E., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rb9wq · Cited by 4
Self-citationBenshaul-Tolonen, A., Zulaik, G., Nyothach, E., Oduor, C., Mason, L., Obor, D., Alexander, K., & Phillips‐Howard, P. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4302551 · Cited by 5
Gender and social outcomes of WASH interventions: synthesis of research evidence
Macura, B., Dickin, S., Waddington, H. S., Liera, C., Soto, A., Orlando, A., Foggitt, E., Pross, C., McArthur, J., Fadhila, A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.51744/cswp7 · Cited by 4
Menstruation in PE. Exploring students’ perspectives in online forums
Böhlke, N., Zander, B., & Rode, D. (2024) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2024.2349595 · Cited by 3
“There is a growing body of work addressing menstrual health and menstrual health literacy in schools in low-and middle-income countries (Hennegan et al.; 2019; Holmes et al., 2021).”
Mathew, E. E., Reed, E. C., Karki, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2024.117 · Cited by 3
García-Egea, A., Jacques‐Aviñó, C., Berenguera, A., Benlliure, J. B., Pinzón-Sanabria, D., Holst, A. S., López‐Jiménez, T., Munrós-Feliu, J., Vicente‐Hernández, M. M., Valls-Llobet, C., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312685 · Cited by 3
Workplace menstrual product policies and worker well-being: Insights from Queensland, Australia
Chalada, M. J. (2025) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2025.100219 · Cited by 3
“Workplace sanitary facilities especially in low-to middle-income countries do not always have places to dispose of menstrual products or running water to wash hands and genitals [7,8,47,48].”
InfluentialAbraham, D. M., & Saliha, F. B. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00600-y · Cited by 4
Gbogbo, S., Axame, W. K., Wuresah, I., Gbogbo, E., Klutse, P., Hayibor, F., Kugbey, N., Imakando, M. M., Doku, V. C. K., Hennegan, J. M., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094613 · Cited by 3
“…relating to menstruation, for example, menstrual cup usage, 23 menstrual hygiene management 3 26 and menstrual experiences of adolescent girls 27 and the effectiveness of menstrual health interventions in LMICs in East Asia and the Pacific region, 28 but none assessed the outcomes of…”
Self-citationTowards Menstrual Equity: A Review of Sustainable Solutions in Menstrual Hygiene Management
Sarkar, A., & Gehlawat, M. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Research & Reviews · doi:10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_231_24 · Cited by 3
Dickin, S., Siddique, S., Liera, C., Dupont, G., & Bisung, E. (2025) · International Journal of Water Resources Development · doi:10.1080/07900627.2025.2505867 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, women and girls have particular WASH needs to ensure health, including those related to menstruation (Hennegan et al., 2019).”
Sommer, M., & Schmitt, M. L. (2023) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00498 · Cited by 4
Botello-Hermosa, A., Escribano, S., Guerra-Martín, M. D., Santana‐Berlanga, N. D. R., & Cáceres‐Matos, R. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12181836 · Cited by 3
Sarıkaya, Ö., Kızılkan, M. P., Tüzün, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2025.05.006 · Cited by 3
Hassan, M. M., Nohor, N., Hossen, I., Yasmin, S., Chowdhury, T. B. K., Juma, J. J., Trisha, M. K., Jahan, N., Momo, K. N., Mostofa, N. B., et al. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71063 · Cited by 3
Menstrual health and endometriosis: costs incurred by women, health systems and society
Narasimhan, M., Rasanathan, J., Remme, M., Kennedy, C. E., Barre-Quick, M., Allotey, P. A., Odey, G. O., & Rueda, S. T. (2025) · npj Women s Health · doi:10.1038/s44294-025-00094-8 · Cited by 7
“A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2021 suggests that reusable menstrual pads are likely less costly over time 23 , but single use/disposable menstrual products may be less expensive initially 9,21 .”
InfluentialA Synthesis Report Analyzing Menstrual Hygiene Management Within a Humanitarian Crisis
Anjum, Z., Pouramin, P., Glickman, T., & Nagabhatla, N. (2019) · UNU Collections (United Nations University) · Cited by 3
Elbanna, B., Dell, N. A., & Klier, M. (2022) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2022.2124138 · Cited by 5
Exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis on period poverty
Delanerolle, G., Yang, X., Cavalini, H. F. S., Kurmi, O., Røstvik, C. M., Shetty, A., Saraswat, L., Taylor, J., Sajid, S., Rathod, S., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Meta-Analysis · doi:10.13105/wjma.v11.i5.196 · Cited by 12
Bhagawati, P. (2020) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/v13i25.911 · Cited by 3
“This trend has been corroborated by similar research studies (10–13).”
ResultWasan, Y., Baxter, J. B., Rizvi, A., Shaheen, F., Junejo, Q., Hussain, A., Ahmed, I., Soofi, S. B., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-92846/v1 · Cited by 2
“(2, 6) From an economic perspective, there can be reduced per capita earning potential, as monthly absenteeism can lead to poor performance and negatively impacts education success.”
BackgroundMugenyi, L., Tembo, M., Nelson, K. A., Thomas, K. A., Kansiime, C., Lagony, S., Mpaata, A. M., Belfield, S., Nakalema, S., Akech, A., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087438 · Cited by 2
Bourne, M. P., & Ahsan, K. Z. (2025) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399241308901 · Cited by 3
“As a result, women in LMICs and HICs often experience poor MH, which contributes to urogenital infections, sentiments of shame and embarrassment toward menstruation, and unsatisfactory female education due to school absenteeism during menstruation (Hennegan et al., 2019).”
Mejías-Blasco, A., Torner, R. D. R., Blanco‐Gómez, A., Martín‐Arbós, S., Córdoba, M. G. D. Q., & Dueñas, J.-M. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102543 · Cited by 2
Nikbakht, H., Omidvar, S., Firouzbakht, M., & Nazmi, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22174-9 · Cited by 2
“There is growing evidence of the significance of menstrual experiences in the lives of women and girls, particularly highlighting the challenges faced, which are especially pronounced in low and middle-income countries [5, 6].”
An Exploration into the Menstrual Health of Ecuadorian University Students: A Mixed-Methods Study
Jones, L. I., Simbaña, A., Velasteguí, D. A. L., Sánchez, A. S. P., Harris, N., Wiseman, N., & Bustamante, G. (2025) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2025.2524375 · Cited by 2
Examining the effects of menstrual cycle tracking training on girls with intellectual disability
Kizir, M. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105085 · Cited by 2
Elliason, E. K., Khajuria, A., Monday, S., & Kamanda, J. S. (2025) · Santosh University Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/sujhs.sujhs_6_25 · Cited by 5
Dvalishvili, D., Namuwonge, F., Ahmed, R. F. M., Andom, F., Bahar, O. S., Nabunya, P., & Ssewamala, F. M. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108562 · Cited by 4
Menstruation and period poverty as an obstacle for girls’ equal participation in education, Tanzania
Vågenes, V., & Grevstad, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24864-w · Cited by 2
“Girls often hide the start of menstruation because they are afraid of being accused of sexual activity [22, 29].”
Menstrual health and employment law, with a special focus on the new regulation in Spain
Aza, L. D. L. I., & Solymosi-Szekeres, B. (2025) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x251397482 · Cited by 2
“This also provides a broad context for labour rights thinking, as it is intertwined with sustainability goals, gender equality and fundamental human rights; so it defines not only the research direction but also the policy requirements (Hennegan et al., 2019).”
Hartman, E. A., Marston, C., Namwebya, J. H., Asala, E., Ombidi, W., Thungu, F., Odwe, G., Colombini, M., Singh, N., & Buller, A. M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101248 · Cited by 2
Logie, C. H., Sivan, O., Leggett, R., Okumu, M., Loutet, M. G., MacKenzie, F., Lukone, S. O., Kisubi, N., Gittings, L., Kyambadde, P., et al. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100579 · Cited by 3
Yasmin, F., Hamide, M. S., & Touhiduzzaman, M. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71541 · Cited by 3
“This weighted sys-tem aligns with WHO guidelines and similar studies assessing menstrual health behaviors [7].”
InfluentialWASHed in stereotypes: A rigorous review of water-gender narratives in LMICs
Kolipaka, S., Hutchings, P., & Mdee, A. L. (2026) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000384 · Cited by 2
“The quality appraisal template (S3 Table) has been adapted by criteria originally laid out by EPPI centre [29] which was further developed using a ranking system by Hennegan et al. [30] and Robinson and Barrington [31].”
Beyond the battlefield: an analysis of the war-related health impacts in the Gaza strip, Palestine
Rabayaa, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1739474 · Cited by 3
“These integrated difficulties and long-term psychological effects are generally more common among young females, females in the displacement tents, and especially among girls experiencing their periods for the first time during the war (33).”
Adolescent and Young Adult Period Poverty: A Systematic Review
Samuels, J. G., Liberow, C., Alderman, E. M., & Cabana, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.01.024 · Cited by 2
Kasali, A. T., Ishaleku, D., Idoko, B., Aremu, S. O., Barkhadle, A. A., Idoko, D. O., & Akyala, A. I. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72114 · Cited by 5
The plight of menstruating secondary school-girls: a wake-up call for parents and the school system
Metta, E. O., Mwita, H., & Leshabari, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210793 · Cited by 2
“Consequently, restraints from all sources of socialisation for menarche leads to social dishonour that affects young girls physically and emotionally during their menses.(15,17) A study involving school-girls that was conducted in Kenya found that menstruation was associated with feelings of fear, shame, distraction a…”
BackgroundCreating change through social entrepreneurship: the case of girls’ school dropouts in Uganda
Nsereko, I., Bignotti, A., & Farhoud, M. (2021) · Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies · doi:10.1108/eemcs-05-2021-0157 · Cited by 2
‘It’s all about self-reliance’: North Korean Adolescents’ Menstruation Experiences and Management
Lee, C., & Bairner, A. (2022) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v11i2.2552 · Cited by 2
Period Poverty: An added poverty in humanitarian crisis
Thaver, I. H., & Ashraf, M. (2023) · Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association · doi:10.47391/jpma.8089 · Cited by 2
Health Issues Among Nepalese Youth: A Literature Review
Stoll, V., Edwin, N., Dahal, K., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45108 · Cited by 2
“Menstrual hygiene practices, perceptions of these practices, feelings of shame and distress, and management of bleeding and odor have been found to influence the mental health of adolescent girls [27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hennegan, Julie
- Venue
- PLOS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-05-16
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1002803
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC6521998
- OpenAlex
- W2946739594
- Cited by
- 577
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Keywords
- menstruation, menstrual health, low- and middle-income countries, menstrual stigma, gender norms, menstrual products access, adolescent girls, sociocultural context, gender equality, menstrual health policy, menstrual health services, menstrual health education, sub-Saharan Africa
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Cultural Characteristics, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Menstruation, Middle Aged, Public Opinion, Social Support, Stereotyping, Women's Health, Access to Information, Young Adult, Social Stigma, Reproductive Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
