On-line Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet Based Psychologically Enhanced Intervention for People with Hazardous Alcohol Consumption
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Interventions delivered via the Internet have the potential to address the problem of hazardous alcohol consumption at minimal incremental cost, with potentially major public health implications. It was hypothesised that providing access to a psychologically enhanced website would result in greater reductions in drinking and related problems than giving access to a typical alcohol website simply providing information on potential harms of alcohol. DYD-RCT Trial registration: ISRCTN 31070347. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A two-arm randomised controlled trial was conducted entirely on-line through the Down Your Drink (DYD) website. A total of 7935 individuals who screened positive for hazardous alcohol consumption were recruited and randomized. At entry to the trial, the geometric mean reported past week alcohol consumption was 46.0 (SD 31.2) units. Consumption levels reduced substantially in both groups at the principal 3 month assessment point to an average of 26.0 (SD 22.3) units. Similar changes were reported at 1 month and 12 months. There were no significant differences between the groups for either alcohol consumption at 3 months (intervention: control ratio of geometric means 1.03, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.10) or for this outcome and the main secondary outcomes at any of the assessments. The results were not materially changed following imputation of missing values, nor was there any evidence that the impact of the intervention varied with baseline measures or level of exposure to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings did not provide support for the hypothesis that access to a psychologically enhanced website confers additional benefit over standard practice and indicate the need for further research to optimise the effectiveness of Internet-based behavioural interventions. The trial demonstrates a widespread and potentially sustainable demand for Internet based interventions for people with hazardous alcohol consumption, which could be delivered internationally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN31070347.
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Our own research on Web-based interventions supports concerns about equity, with disproportionately high numbers of users having a university degree.
“Our own research on Web-based interventions supports these concerns about equity, with disproportionately high numbers of users having a university degree [29,30].”
From Web-Based Interventions for Behavior Change and Self-Management: Potential, Pitfalls, and Progress (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
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“However, there was no difference between groups.(139) The IP was co-owned by chief investigator Elizabeth Murray, so it was a good case study for working through the challenges of incorporating a module into the HeLP-Diabetes programme (including IP, governance, software compatibility and adapting the appearance and a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLópez‐Pelayo, H., Wallace, P., Segura, L., Miquel, L., Díaz, E., Teixidó, L., Baena, B., Struzzo, P., Vieira, J. A. P., Casajuana, C., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007130 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“uk website developed for the DYD-RCT (randomised controlled trial).(14) Details of DYD and the psychological theory that underpinned its development have been reported elsewhere.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRandomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Versus Extended Internet Intervention for Problem Drinkers
Cunningham, J. A., Shorter, G. W., Murphy, M., Kushnir, V., Rehm, J. T., & Hendershot, C. S. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9604-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The Down Your Drink trial is one example of such a design and, further, one where there were no significant differences observed between conditions [21].”
BackgroundBuilding the first step: a review of low-intensity interventions for stepped care
Mckellar, J. D., Austin, J. L., & Moos, R. H. (2012) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-26 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…version of SAO’s MI/CBT protocol plus 7 synchronous chat-based therapy sessions) Control: waitlist (WL) condition Internet-based intervention Wallace et al (2011) Randomized trial Individuals who accessed the DYD website and scored ≥5 on the AUDIT-C Participants in the active condition…”
MethodMcCambridge, J., Bendtsen, P., Bendtsen, M., & Nilsén, P. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-49 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, there are also examples of apparently well designed interventions (for example, [12]) not being found to be effective [13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSohi, I., Shield, K. D., Rehm, J. T., & Monteiro, M. G. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15175 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Khadjesari, Z., Newbury‐Birch, D., Murray, E., Shenker, D., Marston, L., & Kaner, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121174 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The main reason for not accessing DYD was because participants did not want to change their drinking (39% male vs. 29% female; OR 1.5 95% CI: 1.08, 2.97).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationWallace, P., & Bendtsen, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00151 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationNadkarni, A., Costa, S., Gupta, D., Fernandes, D. M., Catalano, A., Velleman, R. D. B., Sambari, S., Pednekar, S., Hussain, F. N., D’Souza, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108331 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Voogt, C. V., Poelen, E. A. P., Kleinjan, M., Lemmers, L., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dat016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“To determine the effectiveness of WDYD, a two-arm parallel group randomized controlled trial will be conducted among 908 heavy drinking college students (for other evaluations of web-based brief interventions, see Riper et al., 2008 and Wallace et al., 2011).”
MethodTwo fully automated web-based interventions for risky alcohol use: randomized controlled trial
Tensil, M.-D., Jonas, B., & Strüber, E. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2489 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sinadinovic, K., Wennberg, P., & Berman, A. H. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Benton, J. S., Cotterill, S., Hawkes, R. E., Miles, L. M., & French, D. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39483 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…a journal article describing the theoretical content of the HeLP-Diabetes intervention [24]; and (3) journal articles relating to the 3 pre-existing behavior change interventions that were integrated into the HeLP-Diabetes intervention—DownYourDrink [25,26], POWeR [27,28], and StopAdvisor [29,30].”
Sundström, C., Kraepelien, M., Eék, N., Fahlke, C., Kaldo, V., & Berman, A. H. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1355-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In other comparable studies, baseline consumption for preceding week has usually been somewhere between 30 and 45 standard drinks [23, 28, 30].”
BackgroundJones, A., McGrath, E., Houben, K., Nederkoorn, C., Robinson, E., & Field, M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-796 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Participants will be told that they should continue to use the DYD drinking diary for the remainder of the study, and they should complete training tasks by following Internet links that will be emailed to them.”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, K., Bendtsen, M., Linderoth, C., Karlsson, N., Bendtsen, P., & Müssener, U. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1898-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Murray, E., Khadjesari, Z., Linke, S., Hunter, R. M., & Freemantle, N. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-505 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Our previous work had suggested that reductions in alcohol consumption seen at 3 months were maintained at 12 months [33], although the data from that trial may not apply to the different population recruited here.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBendtsen, P., Müssener, U., Karlsson, N. E., López‐Pelayo, H., Vieira, J. A. P., Colom, J., Gual, A., Reynolds, J., Wallace, P., Segura, L., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010271 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMurray, E., Linke, S., Harwood, E., Conroy, S., Stevenson, F. A., & Godfrey, C. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags096 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In common with many web-based interventions (Eysenbach, 2005), considerable attrition from DYD has been observed (Linke et al., 2007; Wallace et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcCambridge, J., Bendtsen, M., Karlsson, N. E., White, I. R., & Bendtsen, P. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-949 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“If skewed, they will either be logtransformed and analysed by linear regression [17], or analysed by negative binomial regression [25], and results will be reported as% reduction.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationWallace, P., Struzzo, P., Vedova, R. D., Scafuri, F., Tersar, C., Lygidakis, C., McGregor, R., Scafato, E., Hunter, R. M., & Freemantle, N. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014576 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationStruzzo, P., Scafato, E., McGregor, R., Vedova, R. D., Verbano, L., Lygidakis, C., Tersar, C., Crapesi, L., Tubaro, G., Freemantle, N., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002304 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHawkes, R. E., Benton, J. S., Cotterill, S., Sanders, C., & French, D. (2024) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/56276 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cleaner shrimp are true cleaners of injured fish
Vaughan, D. B., Grutter, A. S., Ferguson, H. W., Jones, R. E., & Hutson, K. S. (2018) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3379-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Angus, C., Li, J., Rodríguez, E. M. R., Anderson, P., Parrott, S., & Brennan, A. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky181 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Farren, C. K., Milnes, J., Lambe, K. A., & Ahern, S. (2014) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2014.64 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Although there are some studies about computer-delivered interventions for addictions, they appear to be primarily in tobacco use (Rooke et al. 2010), and if in alcohol, they appear to be targeted for problem drinking rather than for full AUD (Cunningham et al. 2009; Wallace et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultBuntrock, C., Kählke, F., Smit, F., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckz022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Brier, L. M., Zhang, X., Bice, A. R., Gaines, S. H., Landsness, E. C., Lee, J., Anastasio, M. A., & Culver, J. P. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab282 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Heatwole, H., Lillywhite, H. B., & Grech, A. (2016) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/j.seares.2016.05.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gutiérrez, G., Meartsi, D., Nikjoo, N., Sajid, S., Moghimi, E., & Alavi, N. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01132-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…Gajecki et al., 2017; Guillemont et al., 2017; Johansson et al., 2021a; Johansson, Sinadinovic, Johansson et al., 2021a, b; Kiluk et al., 2016; Postel et al., 2010; Schaub et al., 2021; Sinadinovic et al., 2014; Sundström et al., 2020; Wallace et al., 2011; Wilks et al., 2018; Zill et al., 2019).”
InfluentialAlcohol Counseling in Hospital Trauma: Examining Two Brief Interventions
Veach, L. J., Moro, R. R., Miller, P. R., Reboussin, B. A., Ivers, N. N., Rogers, J. L., & O’Brien, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12199 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shaw, B. R., Sivakumar, G., Balinas, T., Chipman, R., & Krahn, D. D. (2013) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2013.855995 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There are several potential advantages in using mobile technology to provide recovery-based educational content and support (Wallace et al., 2011).”
Backgroundda Silva-Junior, E. A., Paludo, C. R., Valadares, L., Lopes, N. P., do Nascimento, F. S., & Pupo, M. T. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2017.05.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Postel, M. G., ter Huurne, E. D., de Haan, H. A., van der Palen, J. A. M., & de Jong, C. A. J. (2015) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1044606 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“(29) found that both versions of their computer-based intervention (flat text-based and enhanced interactive) showed comparable reductions in alcohol consumption and related harms at 12 months of follow-up.”
BackgroundBlankers, M., Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20852-7_10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There is at least one study however that fails to fi nd evidence for effectiveness [ 35 ].”
BackgroundMujcic, A., Linke, S., Hamilton, F. L., Phillips, A., & Khadjesari, Z. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17285 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A more extensive description of the main trial procedures can be found in Murray et al [18] and Wallace et al [15].”
MethodSelf-citationCaballería, E., López‐Pelayo, H., Segura, L., Wallace, P., Oliveras, C., Díaz, E., Manthey, J., Baena, B., Colom, J., Gual, A., et al. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100446 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSimpson, T. L., Sistad, R. E., Brooks, J. T., Newberger, N. G., & Livingston, N. A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100116 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults.”
InfluentialLow‐salt diet adherence in African Americans with hypertension
Bolin, L. P., Horne, C. E., Crane, P. B., & Powell, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14551 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Technological Interventions for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Schulte, M. H. J., Boumparis, N., Huizink, A. C., & Riper, H. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00010-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Another study, investigating the effectiveness of an internet-based BI comprising CBT, MI and BSC, included 7935 participants who met the criteria for hazardous drinking (AUDIT-C (cid:1) 5; Wallace et al., 2011).”
Hamilton, F. L., Hornby, J., Sheringham, J., Kerry, S., Linke, S., Solmi, F., Ashton, C., Moore, K. P., & Murray, E. (2015) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-015-0023-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The results of this feasibility RCT will provide useful evidence for commissioners of alcohol services as previous studies of web-based treatments for hazardous and harmful alcohol use have been conducted mainly online, for example, comparing websites with and without interaction or feedback [31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDisorders due to substance use in ICD-11. Changes in clinical diagnosis
Modrzyński, R. (2023) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2022.0031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hamilton, F. L., Hornby, J., Sheringham, J., Linke, S., Ashton, C., Moore, K. P., Stevenson, F. A., & Murray, E. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0303-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We also decided to advertise the trial online, as previous trials of alcohol DHI have successfully recruited using this strategy [24, 35, 36].”
MethodSelf-citationBewick, B. M., Rumball, K., Birtwistle, J. C., Shaw, J. R., Johnson, O. A., Raistrick, D., & Tober, G. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12174 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
e-Interventions for Alcohol Misuse
Dedert, E. A., Williams, J. W., STEIN, R. M., McNeil, J. M., McDuffie, J. R., Ross, I., Feiermuth, C., Hemminger, A., Kosinski, A., & Nagi, A. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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O Uso de Biomarcadores em Pesquisas de Marketing
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Kiluk, B. D., Ray, L. A., Tartak, O., Werner, L., Trikalinos, T. A., & Magill, M. (2026) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/82370 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-citationConversation with C hristine G odfrey
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- Authors
- Wallace, P., Murray, E., McCambridge, J., Khadjesari, Z., White, I. R., Thompson, S. G., Kalaitzaki, E., Godfrey, C., & Linke, S.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
- Institute of Cancer Research (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wallace, Paul
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-03-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e14740
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3052303
- OpenAlex
- W2047401749
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 11.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation (RG/08/014/24067)
- Diabetes UK
- Alcohol Change UK
- Medical Research Council (U.1052.00.006, U.1052.00.001)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- hazardous drinking, online intervention, alcohol consumption reduction, alcohol-related problems, intervention effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Treatment Outcome, Patient Selection, Internet
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