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STAT3 Activation in Skeletal Muscle Links Muscle Wasting and the Acute Phase Response in Cancer Cachexia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Cachexia, or weight loss despite adequate nutrition, significantly impairs quality of life and response to therapy in cancer patients. In cancer patients, skeletal muscle wasting, weight loss and mortality are all positively associated with increased serum cytokines, particularly Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the presence of the acute phase response. Acute phase proteins, including fibrinogen and serum amyloid A (SAA) are synthesized by hepatocytes in response to IL-6 as part of the innate immune response. To gain insight into the relationships among these observations, we studied mice with moderate and severe Colon-26 (C26)-carcinoma cachexia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Moderate and severe C26 cachexia was associated with high serum IL-6 and IL-6 family cytokines and highly similar patterns of skeletal muscle gene expression. The top canonical pathways up-regulated in both were the complement/coagulation cascade, proteasome, MAPK signaling, and the IL-6 and STAT3 pathways. Cachexia was associated with increased muscle pY705-STAT3 and increased STAT3 localization in myonuclei. STAT3 target genes, including SOCS3 mRNA and acute phase response proteins, were highly induced in cachectic muscle. IL-6 treatment and STAT3 activation both also induced fibrinogen in cultured C2C12 myotubes. Quantitation of muscle versus liver fibrinogen and SAA protein levels indicates that muscle contributes a large fraction of serum acute phase proteins in cancer. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that the STAT3 transcriptome is a major mechanism for wasting in cancer. Through IL-6/STAT3 activation, skeletal muscle is induced to synthesize acute phase proteins, thus establishing a molecular link between the observations of high IL-6, increased acute phase response proteins and muscle wasting in cancer. These results suggest a mechanism by which STAT3 might causally influence muscle wasting by altering the profile of genes expressed and translated in muscle such that amino acids liberated by increased proteolysis in cachexia are synthesized into acute phase proteins and exported into the blood.
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“While an acute increase in systemic IL‐6 promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy, its sustained elevation, as occurring in cancer or diabetes, causes muscle atrophy.”
From Sepsis induces interleukin 6, gp130/JAK2/STAT3, and muscle wasting (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Our data are in accordance with previous reports showing that gp130 via the JAK/STAT pathway mediates muscle atrophy in a cancer cachexia mouse model. 15 , 27 , 28”
From Sepsis induces interleukin 6, gp130/JAK2/STAT3, and muscle wasting (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bonetto, A., Aydogdu, T., Kunzevitzky, N., Guttridge, D. C., Khuri, S., Koniaris, L. G., & Zimmers, T. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmers, Teresa A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-07-20
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e22538
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3140523
- OpenAlex
- W2052712443
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- American Cancer Society
- University of Miami
- National Cancer Institute (CA122596, R01CA122596)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM092758)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- cancer cachexia, STAT3 signaling, skeletal muscle atrophy, interleukin-6, acute phase response, acute phase proteins, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, SOCS3, C26 colon carcinoma, muscle protein degradation, muscle transcriptome, IL-6 family cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Acute-Phase Reaction, Animals, Cachexia, Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Liver, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Cell Line, Tumor, STAT3 Transcription Factor, Mice, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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