Prenatal Exposure to Bereavement and Type-2 Diabetes: A Danish Longitudinal Population Based Study
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BACKGROUND: The etiology of type-2 diabetes is only partly known, and a possible role of prenatal stress in programming offspring for insulin resistance has been suggested by animal models. Previously, we found an association between prenatal stress and type-1 diabetes. Here we examine the association between prenatal exposure to maternal bereavement during preconception and pregnancy and development of type-2 diabetes in the off-spring. METHODS: We utilized data from the Danish Civil Registration System to identify singleton births in Denmark born January 1(st) 1979 through December 31(st) 2008 (N = 1,878,246), and linked them to their parents, grandparents, and siblings. We categorized children as exposed to bereavement during prenatal life if their mothers lost an elder child, husband or parent during the period from one year before conception to the child's birth. We identified 45,302 children exposed to maternal bereavement; the remaining children were included in the unexposed cohort. The outcome of interest was diagnosis of type-2 diabetes. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) from birth using log-linear poisson regression models and used person-years as the offset variable. All models were adjusted for maternal residence, income, education, marital status, sibling order, calendar year, sex, and parents' history of diabetes at the time of pregnancy. RESULTS: We found children exposed to bereavement during their prenatal life were more likely to have a type-2 diabetes diagnosis later in life (aIRR: 1.31, 1.01-1.69). These findings were most pronounced when bereavement was caused by death of an elder child (aIRR: 1.51, 0.94-2.44). Results also indicated the second trimester of pregnancy to be the most sensitive period of bereavement exposure (aIRR:2.08, 1.15-3.76). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that fetal exposure to maternal bereavement during preconception and the prenatal period may increase the risk for developing type-2 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood.
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In a Danish cohort (n=1.9 million, n=45,302 who experienced pre-natal stress), pre-natal stress measured by mother's experience of bereavement was associated with incident diabetes mellitus (incidence rate ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.01-1.69).
“Danish cohort ( n = 1.9 million, n = 45,302 who experienced pre- natal stress) | Pre-natal stress measured by mother's experience of bereavement | *Incidence rate ratio 1.31 (95% CI 1.01- 1.69).”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as Virk (2012) 139
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- Authors
- Li, J., Olsen, J., Vestergaard, M., Obel, C., Kristensen, J. K., & Virk, J.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Virk, Jasveer
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-08-28
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e43508
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3429491
- OpenAlex
- W2050242147
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-08-15)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- NordForsk (070331)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- maternal bereavement, type 2 diabetes, prenatal stress, fetal programming, insulin resistance, pregnancy trimesters, preconception period
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Bereavement, Child, Child, Preschool, Denmark, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Grief, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Cohort Studies, Maternal Exposure
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