What is an attractive body? Using an interactive 3D program to create the ideal body for you and your partner
Open accessAbstract
What is the ideal body size and shape that we want for ourselves and our partners? What are the important physical features in this ideal? And do both genders agree on what is an attractive body? To answer these questions we used a 3D interactive software system which allows our participants to produce a photorealistic, virtual male or female body. Forty female and forty male heterosexual Caucasian observers (females mean age 19.10 years, s.d. 1.01; 40 males mean age 19.84, s.d. 1.66) set their own ideal size and shape, and the size and shape of their ideal partner using the DAZ studio image manipulation programme. In this programme the shape and size of a 3D body can be altered along 94 independent dimensions, allowing each participant to create the exact size and shape of the body they want. The volume (and thus the weight assuming a standard density) and the circumference of the bust, waist and hips of these 3D models can then be measured. The ideal female body set by women (BMI = 18.9, WHR = 0.70, WCR = 0.67) was very similar to the ideal partner set by men, particularly in their BMI (BMI = 18.8, WHR = 0.73, WCR = 0.69). This was a lower BMI than the actual BMI of 39 of the 40 women. The ideal male body set by the men (BMI = 25.9, WHR = 0.87, WCR = 0.74) was very similar to the ideal partner set by the women (BMI = 24.5, WHR = 0.86, WCR = 0.77). This was a lower BMI than the actual BMI of roughly half of the men and a higher BMI than the other half. The results suggest a consistent preference for an ideal male and female body size and shape across both genders. The results also suggest that both BMI and torso shape are important components for the creation of the ideal body.
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For several decades, the Western ideal female body has emphasized a low body mass index (BMI).
“For several decades, the Western ideal female body has emphasized a low body mass index (BMI; Swami et al., 2010; Crossley et al., 2012).”
From The degree to which the cultural ideal is internalized predicts judgments of male and female physical attractiveness (2022) · cites this paper as Crossley et al., 2012
The Discussion section ‘What is the Ideal Female Body Size and Shape?’ reports a low ideal BMI among the study’s participants and cites earlier studies suggesting an ideal BMI of 18–20 for Western observers. Our copy does not establish that this ideal has persisted for several decades; the study itself concerns a relatively young group. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Crossley, K. L., Cornelissen, P. L., & Tovée, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tovée, Martin J.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-11-29
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e50601
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3510069
- OpenAlex
- W2166144080
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 9.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Newcastle University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- ideal body size, body attractiveness, body shape preferences, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, heterosexual couples
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Constitution, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Software, Visual Perception, Body Mass Index, Body Size, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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