The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Grabe, Shelly; Ward, L. Monique; Hyde, Janet Shibley

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460

Cited by 2,053Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Grabe, Shelly, Ward, L. Monique, Hyde, Janet Shibley·2008·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460

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Abstract

Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.

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Studies often revealed a relation between exposure to the thin ideal and a negative body image among young girls and women.
“These studies often revealed a relation between exposure to the thin ideal and a negative body image among young girls and women (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Halliwell & Dittmar, 2004; Irving, 1990;).”
From Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls (2018) · cites this paper as Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008
Media platforms have had a major impact on body image, with strong evidence suggesting negative effects of objectifying beauty standards presented on mass media such as TV and magazines.
“Media platforms have had a major impact on Body image, as there is strong evidence suggesting the negative effects of objectifying beauty standards presented on mass media such as TV and Magazines2.”
From Association between beauty standards shaped by social media and body dysmorphia among Egyptian medical students (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
Media are important risk factors for adolescents' body dissatisfaction.
“Several studies suggest that the media are important risk factors for adolescents' body dissatisfaction (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).”
From The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction (2017) · cites this paper as Grabe et al., 2008

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A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes
Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008 · Cited by 1,395 · see citing works
“These images have een found to promote unattainable beauty ideals of glamorous and ften photo-shopped women who are generally young, tall, modertely breasted, and incredibly thin (Grabe et al., 2008; Tiggemann, 011).”
Background
Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood
Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies.
Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., Heene, M., Wicher, M., & Kainbacher, M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023304 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research
Perloff, R. M. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
“Given the time-honored concerns about media effects on women’s body image and self-concept (e.g., Grabe et al. 2008; Levine and Harrison 2004), the focus of this paper is on adolescent girls and young adult women.”
Background
A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on.
Gerber, J. P., Wheeler, L., & Suls, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000127 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
“that traditional media (such as magazines and television) has on people’s body image concerns [1–3].”
Background
Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016
Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000138 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls
Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22141 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Identity-based consumer behavior
Reed, A., Forehand, M., Puntoni, S., & Warlop, L. (2012) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.08.002 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
“Exercise to be fit, not skinny,”: the effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image
Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Facebook Photo Activity Associated with Body Image Disturbance in Adolescent Girls
Meier, E. P., & Gray, J. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0305 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
“Two meta-analyses of correlational and experimental studies 11,12 have reported small to moderate effect sizes for the relationship between various types of media exposure and female body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and disturbed eating behaviors and beliefs.”
‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram
Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316639436 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
“A large body of research has documented negative effects on body image from exposure to thin idealized images (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz et al., 2002).”
Background
Media effects: theory and research
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image
Brown, Z. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
The Pursuit of Gender Equality
OECD (2017) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264281318-en · Cited by 537 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance
Saiphoo, A. N., & Vahedi, Z. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.028 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men
Brooks, A., Huang, L., Kearney, S., & Murray, F. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321202111 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Journalism beyond democracy: A new look into journalistic roles in political and everyday life
Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2016) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884916673386 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
“For example, it can contribute to individuals with severe body image issues, resulting in death (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women
Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of online trust relationships in e-commerce.
Kim, Y., & Peterson, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2017.01.001 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22449 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls
Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“Everybody Knows That Mass Media are/are not [ <i>pick one</i> ] a Cause of Eating Disorders”: A Critical Review of Evidence for a Causal Link Between Media, Negative Body Image, and Disordered Eating in Females
Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.9 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“The two meta-analyses (Grabe et al., 2008; Murnen et al., 2007) found a lack of consistency in potential moderators within and across the two types of media.”
Background
#bodypositivity: A Content Analysis of Body Positive Accounts on Instagram
Cohen, R., Irwin, L., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.007 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?
Collins, R. L. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“2010), and being portrayed in those media far less often (Greenberg et al. 2002), Black Americans’ self-esteem tends to be higher than that of White people (Twenge and Crocker 2002). Of course, there may be other contributors to self-worth that override any negative effect of under-representation in media on Black vie…”
BackgroundInfluential
#BoPo on Instagram: An experimental investigation of the effects of viewing body positive content on young women’s mood and body image
Cohen, R., Fardouly, J., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819826530 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Media and sexualization: State of empirical research, 1995–2015
Ward, L. M. (2016) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1142496 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citation
You follow fitness influencers on YouTube. But do you actually exercise? How parasocial relationships, and watching fitness influencers, relate to intentions to exercise
Sokolova, K., & Pérez, C. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102276 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Do you “like” my photo? Facebook use maintains eating disorder risk.
Mabe, A. G., Forney, K. J., & Keel, P. K. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22254 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Stand-Alone Interventions to Improve Body Image
Alleva, J. M., Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., Martijn, C., & Miles, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139177 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“Although a wealth of evidence points to the adverse impact of the media on body image [27,28], and media literacy may increase media scepticism, such increased scepticism may not be sufficient to improve body image [29].”
Background
Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis.
Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000081 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The effect of Instagram “likes” on women’s social comparison and body dissatisfaction
Tiggemann, M., Hayden, S., Brown, Z. A., & Veldhuis, J. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.07.002 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
A multinational examination of weight bias: predictors of anti-fat attitudes across four countries
Puhl, R. M., Latner, J. D., O’Brien, K., Luedicke, J., Daníelsdóttir, S., & Forhan, M. A. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.32 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities
O’Brien, K., Caputi, P., Minto, R., Peoples, G. E., Hooper, C., Kell, S., & Sawley, E. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Grabe et al. (2008) noted a similar pattern.”
Background
The Internet and Adolescent Girls’ Weight Satisfaction and Drive for Thinness
Tiggemann, M., & Miller, J. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9789-z · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“This result parallels and extends those previously found for more traditional forms of media, in particular, magazines and specific genres of television (Grabe et al. 2008; Levine and Murnen 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exploring the link between self-compassion and body image in university women
Wasylkiw, L., MacKinnon, A., & MacLellan, A. M. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.007 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cultural Influences on Body Size Ideals
Swami, V. (2015) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000150 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’ images on women’s social comparison and body image
Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819888720 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“The finding is also consistent with the larger body of research on negative effects of traditional media ideals (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz et al., 2002; Want, 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Meta-analytic moderators of experimental exposure to media portrayals of women on female appearance satisfaction: Social comparisons as automatic processes
Want, S. C. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.07.008 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“Three meta-analyses of this literature have now been published (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002; Holmstrom, 2004), with the most recent of these (Grabe et al., 2008) concluding that portrayals of thin and attractive women from television and fashion magazines have a small- to medium-sized, si…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people
Dane, A., & Bhatia, K. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001091 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Bones, body parts, and sex appeal: An analysis of #thinspiration images on popular social media
Ghaznavi, J., & Taylor, L. D. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.006 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Explaining Females’ Envy Toward Social Media Influencers
Chae, J. (2017) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1328312 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
An exploration of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Australian and French college women
Rodgers, R. F., Chabrol, H., & Paxton, S. J. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.009 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
NetTweens
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Authors: Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Grabe, Shelly
Ward, L. Monique
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 134
Issue: 3
Pages: 460-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
OpenAlex: W2100351233
Cited by: 2,053
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
FWCI: 9.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior

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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

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