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The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q

Battaglia, Vincenza, Grugni, Viola, Perego, Ugo Alessandro, Angerhofer, Norman, Gomez-Palmieri, J. Edgar, Woodward, Scott Ray, Achilli, Alessandro, Myres, Natalie, Torroni, Antonio, Semino, Ornella·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0071390PMC PMC3749222
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Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of Y-chromosome haplogroup Q. Haplogroup nomenclature and frequencies (%) of haplogroup branches in the analyzed populations (new markers are in bold). The haplogroup labeling is in agreement with the YCC [85] conventions and recent updates [49], [51]. *Paragroups: Y chromosomes not defined by any phylogenetic downstream-reported and -examined mutation.
Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of Y-chromosome haplogroup Q. Haplogroup nomenclature and frequencies (%) of haplogroup branches in the analyzed populations (new markers are in bold). The haplogroup labeling is in agreement with the YCC [85] conventions and recent updates [49], [51]. *Paragroups: Y chromosomes not defined by any phylogenetic downstream-reported and -examined mutation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 PCoA plots. Analyses were performed on 433 Native American haplogroup Q Y chromosomes and based on pairwise, individual-by-individual genetic distances generated from 33 loci Y-STR haplotypes (Table S2) represented in their (A) geographic (Andes: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama; South East America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) and (B) sub-haplogroup Q contexts. Ancient DNA (aDNA) matching haplotypes [75] are indicated by arrows. Three separated (Central American, Mexican and Andean) clusters are indicated by ovals.
Figure 2 PCoA plots. Analyses were performed on 433 Native American haplogroup Q Y chromosomes and based on pairwise, individual-by-individual genetic distances generated from 33 loci Y-STR haplotypes (Table S2) represented in their (A) geographic (Andes: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama; South East America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) and (B) sub-haplogroup Q contexts. Ancient DNA (aDNA) matching haplotypes [75] are indicated by arrows. Three separated (Central American, Mexican and Andean) clusters are indicated by ovals.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Network of 7 loci Y-STR haplotypes belonging to Q sub-haplogroups. Network analysis were performed on Native American [Alaskan, Canadian, North American, Caribbean [49], Central American (from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama), Mexican, Andean (from Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), South Eastern American (from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) (present study)] and Asian [Northern and Southern Altaians [51], Mongolian and Far Eastern Asian (from Kamchatka, Chukotka and Sea of Okhotsk coast) [59], [78]; present study)] samples (Table S4). Light blue loop is referred to the unusual DYS391-6 repeat allele. Arrows indicate the 7 loci haplotypes matching aDNA [75]. Within the single network, circles and colored sectors are proportional to the number of subjects, with the smallest circle equal to one Y chromosome; connecting lines are proportional to the number of mutations.
Figure 3 Network of 7 loci Y-STR haplotypes belonging to Q sub-haplogroups. Network analysis were performed on Native American [Alaskan, Canadian, North American, Caribbean [49], Central American (from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama), Mexican, Andean (from Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), South Eastern American (from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) (present study)] and Asian [Northern and Southern Altaians [51], Mongolian and Far Eastern Asian (from Kamchatka, Chukotka and Sea of Okhotsk coast) [59], [78]; present study)] samples (Table S4). Light blue loop is referred to the unusual DYS391-6 repeat allele. Arrows indicate the 7 loci haplotypes matching aDNA [75]. Within the single network, circles and colored sectors are proportional to the number of subjects, with the smallest circle equal to one Y chromosome; connecting lines are proportional to the number of mutations.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Battaglia, V., Grugni, V., Perego, U. A., Angerhofer, N., Gomez-Palmieri, J. E., Woodward, S. R., Achilli, A., Myres, N., Torroni, A., & Semino, O.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-08-21
Volume
8
Issue
8
Pages
e71390
ISSN
1932-6203
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0071390
PMC
PMC3749222
Cited by
71
References
4
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)

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Battaglia, V., Grugni, V., Perego, U. A., Angerhofer, N., Gomez-Palmieri, J. E., Woodward, S. R., Achilli, A., Myres, N., Torroni, A., & Semino, O. (2013). The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071390